Argumentation of one's own position. Lesson "Argumentation: types and structure" Argumentation of one's own position

The basis of speech is also made up of two important concepts: thesis and argumentation.

The thesis is the main idea of the speech, which the speaker wants to prove with the help of selected arguments. The thesis must always be proven. The thesis can be false or true. In my opinion, a good speech consists of a smooth presentation of the thesis.

Argumentation is the presentation of evidence, explanations and examples to justify your thoughts to an audience. Based on the degree of impact on the mind and feelings of the audience, strong, weak and untenable arguments are distinguished. Strong arguments do not cause criticism among listeners; they cannot be refuted or ignored. Weak arguments raise doubts among opponents. Untenable arguments allow you to expose the speaker and use counterarguments against him.

If you analyze Prokhorov’s speech, then his speech contains theses and arguments. “If we look at the ranking of the success and efficiency of state development, Russia, out of 144 countries, occupies an honorable 133rd place. We have become outsiders. And in the modern world, outsiders are not taken into account. Do you remember these discussions about returning the GTO as an element of sports preparation? I’ll remind the younger generation how GTO stands for - ready for work and defense. So I pose the question, is our country ready for work and defense? Would we now receive the GTO badge as a country? I answer: no." This statement is a thesis, and the main goal of this thesis is to tell listeners that a deplorable situation has arisen in the state, and that the current government is not coping with its obligations. This is precisely the meaning that the speaker put into his words.

If we consider the arguments, then M.D. Prokhorov brings them in abundance. Here are all the arguments that I was able to find: “In the modern world, and everyone knows this, it is the quality of government that determines the competitiveness of any country. We live in the model of the oil and gas economy and the military-industrial complex of the past. This model is costly, this model is ineffective and extremely unreliable for our country's leadership ambitions." “Russia is no richer than the European Union. But where is Russia’s place in this world picture? It is barely visible, because we have moved away, we have come to the very edge. Well, judge for yourself that in the export of high-tech technologies we have only a pitiful 0.25%.

If we look at our enterprises, less than 10% of our enterprises are engaged in innovative activities." "The fact is that in the modern world the quality of life is determined not by the number of hours of work, but by the quality of work. It is labor that makes it possible to create an added product, and it is the basis of national wealth. What most destroys an ineffective state is the loss of the idea of creative, productive labor, that labor that creates everything that a person uses. People don't need a catastrophic opposition, they need an alternative. And I am ready to give this alternative to Russia’s global leadership to our citizens.” “We must bring leaders of change to power and show every person that, if he wants, he can become a leader. N

Our position in leadership is extremely simple - this is the position of production, this is the position of free labor and entrepreneurship, this is the position of family security and the leadership spirit of our country. And we focus on those people who live and work, no matter what, and have chosen Russia as their home. They want to live here, they want to work here, they want their children to grow up here and succeed. These are the people we work for."

With these arguments, the speaker is trying to convince citizens to vote for his candidacy. The arguments are quite simple. Thus, we can observe that arguments are an important part of speech, proving the speaker’s rightness, confirming his thesis.

Let's analyze the arguments using the means of our speech

The arguments are aimed at motivating citizens to abandon the old stable economic system. New things are always difficult and are perceived with some fear. To achieve a refusal, first of all, citizens need to look at the statistical data and not be afraid to make a decision.

The argument contains the personal interest of citizens. If you look at this speech, it is clear that Mikhail is worried about his country, and he is not indifferent to the fate of its citizens. He is an accomplished man, a billionaire, and if he were indifferent to the fate of citizens, he simply would not give this speech and try to run for president.

The argument was carried out in a tense emotional setting, which allowed the listeners to understand the seriousness of the speaker’s intentions, and drew maximum attention to this problem.

CHAPTER 4

ARGUMENTATION OF OWN POSITION

NOTE! It is not enough to just formally state your opinion:I agree (disagree) with the author. Your position, even if it coincides with the author’s, must be formulated in a separate sentence.

For example: Thus, the author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that nature has long been in need of the help of each of us.I completely agree with the author and also believe that humanity should reconsider its consumer attitude towards nature.

Your position must then be supported by two arguments. In this part of the work, strictly follow the rules for constructing an argumentative essay.
Reasoning

Thesis

(a position that needs to be proven)

Argumentation

(evidence, arguments)

Conclusion

(Grand total)

Argumentation- this is the presentation of evidence, explanations, examples to substantiate any idea in front of listeners (readers) or interlocutors.

Arguments- this is evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

An important element of the argument is illustrations, i.e. examples to support the argument. For example:

Thesis	A person’s speech is an indicator of his intellectual and moral development.
Argument 1	Indeed, sometimes speech will say more about a person than face, clothes and much more.
Illustration for argument 1	For example, among my close friends there are no people whose speech is peppered with rude words. I am convinced that every such word carries a “negative charge”. And who would want to hear something offensive to the ears from a loved one?
Argument 2	The author’s correctness is also confirmed by the experience of fiction. It is no coincidence that writers have always considered a character’s speech as the most important way of characterizing him.
Illustration for argument 2	Let us at least remember Porfiry Golovlev, the hero of the novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Lords of the Golovlevs”. Judas (that’s his nickname!) does not use foul language at all; on the contrary, at every step he sprinkles in “affectionate” diminutive words (“cabbage”, “lamp”, “maslitse”, “mama”). However, throughout his speech, the hypocritical soul of a man for whom there is nothing more valuable than money and property is revealed.
Conclusion	Thus, nothing characterizes a person better than his speech.

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS:

brain teaser, or rational, - these are arguments that appeal to human reason, reason (scientific axioms, laws of nature, statistical data, examples from life and literature);
psychological arguments– arguments that evoke certain feelings, emotions in the addressee and form a certain attitude towards the person, object, phenomenon being described (emotional conviction of the writer, appeal to universal human values, etc.).

There are also other classifications arguments, for example:

rational (logical): real facts, statistics, laws of nature, provisions of official documents;
illustrative: specific examples from life, examples from works of art, speculative examples;
references to authority: opinions of prominent people, quotes from authoritative sources, eyewitness opinions, public opinion.

Various methods of argumentation are possible: supportive And refuting.

At supporting argument the student agrees with the author’s opinion and gives arguments confirming the author’s thesis. For example:

THESIS

The Russian language and Russian culture form an inextricable unity.

__________________________________________________________

Argument 1 Argument 2

The connection between language and culture is obvious to everyone. We must not forget that in

thinking person. It is no coincidence that D.S. Likhachev turning points in history

in the book of essays “Native Land” he called the language native speech, the native language becomes

the main wealth of the nation. In fact, all that spiritual support that

spiritual culture is unthinkable without language and speech and ensures the unity of the nation. Exactly

which not only create a special “cultural”, I.S. wrote about this. Turgenev in

layer", but also reflect the moral state of the prose poem "Russian Language"

people. (“Without you, how not to fall into despair

at the sight of what is happening at home").

Remember also the famous lines

poems by A. Akhmatova

"Courage", written in terrible

years of the Great Patriotic War:

“But we will save you, Russian speech,

great Russian word." It seems to me that in

this work is especially bright

the idea of the importance of Russian sounds

language for every Russian.

_______________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

Yes, the Russian language is rich and magnificent,

and the task of each of us is to join

to this wealth and increase it.

At refuting argumentation the student does not agree with the author and, formulating his own position on the problem, puts forward a counterthesis (thesis opposite to the author’s), the truth of which he proves with two examples. For example:

Thesis: In war, the value of human life is realized.

Counterthesis: I cannot agree with the author: very often people who find themselves in inhumane conditions of war generally lose moral guidelines and cease to perceive life (especially that of others) as an unconditional value.

Argument 1: As an example, we can cite the people of the “lost generation” - this is what the West calls young front-line soldiers who fought in 1914 - 1918, regardless of the country for which they fought, and returned home morally or physically crippled. They are also called “unaccounted victims of war.” After returning from the front, these people could not live a normal life again. After experiencing the horrors of war, everything else seemed petty and unworthy of attention to them.

Argument 2: Confirmation of my thoughts can be found in fiction. In 1930 – 1931, the German writer Erich-Maria Remarque created the novel “Return”, in which he talks about the return to their homeland after the First World War of young soldiers who can no longer live normally. Remarque describes the situation in which these people found themselves. When they returned, many of them found craters instead of their previous homes; most lost their relatives and friends. The war made them tough and cynical, destroying everything they previously believed in.

Conclusion: Thus, any war rather destroys all moral values than allows one to realize their significance. The history of two world wars serves as a dire warning for all those who think that war is just a nerve-wracking adventure that allows them to more acutely experience the fullness of life.
To prove the same thesis, you can use "arguments for a promise" (contain an indication of the positive consequences of accepting the thesis) or "arguments for the threat"(indicate the negative consequences of accepting or not accepting the thesis). For example:

Thesis

Good speech is an indicator of a person’s intellectual and moral development.

Argument to the promise

An opinion about a person is largely determined by the way he speaks. Good speech indicates well-readness, internal culture, and developed logic of thinking. For many specialties, oral and written communication skills are a prerequisite for professional growth. Any manager, consultant, translator, secretary is required to be able to quickly and competently draw up documents, conduct business conversations, and answer phone calls. Thus, good speech will always help a person of any profession achieve success.

Argument to the threat

Confirmation of the author’s thoughts can be found in the article by D.S. Likhachev “Learning to speak and write.” Dmitry Sergeevich emphasizes that speech is an indicator of a person’s culture, and mentions people who do not speak, but “spit words.” In fact, behind these “spitting words” lies ordinary cowardice and spiritual emptiness. “Speak so that I can see you,” the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates aptly said. Indeed, each of us should think about how our interlocutors see us, what they hear in our speech.

Arguments worth 2 points:

examples from fiction;
examples from journalistic literature;
examples from scientific (popular science) literature.

These arguments always involve reference to the author and title of the work; you must also indicate specific characters, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the work of art you are mentioning with the problem considered in the source text. For example: M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of humanism in the story “The Old Woman Izergil”. Danko, the hero of one of the legends, sacrificed his life to save his people. He appeared just when people needed help, and led them, desperate and embittered, through the forest to freedom. The feat of Danko, who tore his heart out of his chest to illuminate the path to freedom, is a stunning example of true humanism and boundless love for people.

When giving examples from journalistic or scientific (popular science) literature, do not forget to indicate not only the name of the author, but also the title of the note, article, essay and, if possible, the name of the publication in which this material was published. For example: 1. TV journalist Oleg Ptashkin reflects on the problem of the influence of television on modern Russian society in an article “Trash-TV” published on the websitewww . gazeta . ru . According to the author, modern television in Russia is experiencing an acute crisis - a crisis of ideas and meaning. Those who create television programs do not think at all about the public benefit. The journalist is concerned that modern media promotes lack of spirituality and immorality, teaching people the idea that a normal life for the sake of family, children, and success at work is the lot of losers. The author is convinced that the main task of modern television is education: it should teach to honor family, parents, and cultural traditions. Only then will television contribute to the revival of spirituality. 2. People who do not give in to life’s difficulties, who boldly face the truth, are the masters of their destiny. Historian Lev Gumilyov in his work “Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth” called such people passionaries. Among them are many great historical figures, famous military leaders, fighters for freedom and human rights, and each of them contributed to the development of society.

Arguments worth 1 point:

examples from life;
own observations and conclusions;
speculative examples;
references to authorities;
proverbs and sayings, aphorisms (given without explanation);
examples from films.

Examples from life . Be careful with this type of argument because it is very often unconvincing. For example: A good example of the problem with this text are some of my classmates. Obviously, they were raised too little, and they were not accustomed to work from childhood, so they do nothing.

Look more convincing observations of people's lives and society as a whole , since individual facts in such examples are generalized and drawn up in the form of certain conclusions: I believe that empathy and compassion are instilled in people from childhood. If a child was surrounded by care and affection, then, as he grows up, he will give this goodness to others.

Supposed examples are thoughts about what might happen under certain conditions: I cannot imagine my life without books: without textbooks that help us understand the world, without fiction that reveals the secrets of human relationships and shapes moral values. Such a life would be incredibly poor and boring.

ARGUMENT STRUCTURE

2. Logical transition: It is no coincidence that Russian writers and poets in their works repeatedly turned to the theme of the homeland and created amazing images of our homeland - Russia.

3. Argument: A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, S.A. Yesenin, A.A. Blok - all these poets showed readers Russia from different sides, with its advantages and disadvantages, but above all - with great love for their Fatherland. I especially remember the lines from the poem by S.A. Yesenina:

If the holy army shouts:

“Throw away Rus', live in paradise!”

I will say: “There is no need for heaven,

Give me my homeland."

4. Micro-output: This is probably one of the poet’s most striking declarations of love for his homeland, which should not leave us, citizens of Russia, indifferent.

TYPICAL ARGUMENTATION ERRORS

1 . There are no arguments.	The absence of arguments, as a rule, indicates ignorance of the requirements for an argumentative essay and inattentive reading of the assignment for part C.
2 . The student’s “argument” does not develop the thesis, but paraphrases and repeats it(and therefore is not an argument).	It's hard to disagree with the author. I also believe that compassion is the most important quality of a person, because everyone should learn to help their neighbor and have compassion for them.
3. Argumentation is replaced by an expression of one’s attitude towards the author, characters, and events of the source text.	I accept the author's position. I really liked the story about the horse described by Yu. Trifonov. It was a beautiful and free animal that everyone admired. The animal did not deserve the cruel reprisal that was inflicted on it.
4. Own argumentation is replaced by an analysis of the arguments used by the author. Instead of giving his own examples, the student examines in detail the argumentation used by the author. Such reasoning is possible in a comment or when presenting the author’s position, but will not be accepted by the expert as your argument.	I completely agree with the position of the author of the text: people do not always appreciate historical figures. Firstly, the author cites as an example the fate of the Russian commander Barclay de Tolly, who was not understood and not appreciated by his contemporaries. Secondly, the text tells the story of the titan Prometheus, who stole fire for people, from which they made stew.(Note the speech defect in the last sentence.)
5. Deviation from the thesis manifests itself in the fact that the author of the essay, imperceptibly for himself, moves away from the idea he is proving, and begins to write about what he knows, and not about what needs to be proven.	I know that not all books are created equal. The covers of many of them are bright and colorful, they promise you unprecedented pleasure. In my opinion, all these promises will not lead to good things, and, as they say, there is only free cheese in a mousetrap. It is so indeed. Such situations have happened in my life. Once they promised me a free prize. I believed in a miracle, but then I had to pay for everything. These are the prizes! ( Disappointment in the “free prize” turned out to be more important for the author of the essay than the logic of the presentation of thoughts.)
6. The arguments do not correspond to the stated thesis. The lack of ability to construct a coherent, logically structured text often manifests itself in the fact that the essay turns into a certain set of thoughts that are practically unrelated to each other.	I completely share the author’s opinion: a person who cares not only about himself is unlikely to ever be left alone. I can cite the example of the famous writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. During his lifetime he was a count; in his youth he was characterized by familiarity and frivolity. But over the years, people change and accumulate life “baggage”. Towards the end of his life, dramatic changes occurred in his consciousness: he began to live modestly, there were no paintings on the walls. The house lacked the previous rich decoration, but the main thing was that this man was constantly working on himself.(Please note that the author of the essay treats the facts of Tolstoy’s biography very freely, and, in addition, the given “facts” do not confirm the stated thesis.)
7. Ethically incorrect presentation of arguments. Sometimes, when entering into an argument with the author, students show disrespect for the position of the interlocutor, which significantly reduces the persuasiveness of the arguments and leads to the loss of points for violation of ethical correctness.	So I’ve been sitting on the Internet at home for about a year and in a comfortable chair loading my brain with useful information, and not running around like this author through dusty and inconvenient libraries, choose the Internet yourself or sit in an inconvenient library.(We deliberately preserved the spelling and punctuation of the author of the essay. Judge for yourself: is there really that much useful information “downloaded” into his brain?)

TYPICAL ERRORS OF STUDENTS IN ARGUMENTATION

Let's look at some examples of unsuccessful argumentation of the thesis “Works of mass literature have a negative impact on human spiritual development”.

Example from an essay

Lesson in 11th grade

Lesson objectives:

1) consolidate the skills of working on understanding a literary text, the author’s position on the problem raised by him in preparation for an essay on the assignment formulated in the demo version of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language (Part C);

2) develop the ability to evaluate each paragraph of an essay according to the first four criteria;

3) improve the writing of all parts of the essay according to the criteria.

Equipment: worksheet, texts of a work of art, criteria for evaluating an essay-reasoning

During the classes.

1.Org. moment. Mark those who are absent.

2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Guys, I want to start our lesson with lines from Yevgeny Yevtushenko’s poem “There are no uninteresting people...”:

What do we know about brothers, about friends,

And we are talking about our own father,

Knowing everything, (n..) we know (n..) what.

Spelling warm-up.

Explain spelling and punctuation.

Make a diagram of 1 sentence.

Give syntactic characteristics of sentence 2 (orally).

Find the inversion in sentence 2.

How can you correlate the lines of this poem with the literary text offered to you at home for analysis? What problem do they have in common? (the problem of people’s indifferent attitude towards each other).

Let's read the text. (pre-prepared student).

3.Checking D\Z.

Please remind me of the composition of the essay - reasoning.

What is the problem?(This is the subject of discussion, the question on which the author discusses.)

What problems are identified in this text??(the problem of an indifferent attitude towards the people around you, the problem of a merciful attitude towards your neighbor, P the problem of the influence of art on the human soul).

We focused on the problem of a person’s indifferent attitude towards others. How did you formulate the problem of the text? Read it.

The next paragraph of our essay is a comment on the problem. What comment did you make? I suggest you check out this piece of essay. How did Ksyusha cope with this task?

Please, what errors did you see? What are the disadvantages of this work? What are the positive aspects? -Evaluate the work according to the K2 essay criteria.

Exchange work with your desk neighbor. Evaluate your friend’s work according to K2 criteria and fill in the appropriate column.

The next stage in writing an argumentative essay is to argue your own position.

PHYS. JUST A MINUTE

4.Explanation of new material.

In order to formulate your own position, it is not enough to just formally state your opinion: I agree (disagree) with the author’s opinion. Your position should be formulated in a separate sentence. For example: I agree with the author’s opinion: a person’s speech is an indicator of his intellectual and moral development. Indeed, sometimes speech “says” more about a person than his face, clothes and much more.

Argument structure.How to argue your position?

In this part of the work, you must strictly follow the rules for constructing an argumentative text.

The purpose of argumentation is to convince of something, to strengthen or change an opinion. For this, a logically coherent system of evidence is used.A typical (complete) argument is constructed according to a scheme in which three parts are distinguished:

Thesis (a position that needs to be proven);

Argumentation (evidence, arguments);

Micro-output

From the thesis to the arguments, you can ask the question “Why?”, and the arguments answer: “Because...”, that is, between the thesis and arguments, a logical and grammatical connection must also be established between individual arguments.

There are arguments worth 2 points: examples from fiction; examples from journalistic literature; examples from scientific literature.

Such arguments presuppose a reference to the author and the title of the work. It is also necessary to indicate specific characters, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the work you are mentioning with the problem under consideration.

There are arguments worth 1 point: examples from life, personal observations and conclusions, references to authority, proverbs, sayings, examples from films.

5. Argumentation of one’s own position on the source text.

- Guys, is it possible to take lines from E. Yevtushenko’s poem, which we worked with at the beginning of the lesson, as one of the arguments?

In which works of fiction does the problem of people's indifference arise? (Andrei Platonov “Yushka”, K. Oboishchikov and his poem “Neighbor”, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”)

Using the information received, write a fragment of your essay. (at this time the teacher checks the comments of 2 students)

6. Reading by students of the received fragments (2 people) and discussion according to K4 criteria

Assessing the argumentation of one’s own position according to criteria K4 (Work in pairs).

7. Lesson summary.

What does it mean to argue your position?

What should you remember when choosing your arguments?

8.Grading for work in class.

9.Students turn in worksheets for review.

10. D\Z. select arguments for the thesis: Art creates good people, shapes the human soul. (Pyotr Tchaikovsky)

Commentary on d/z.

One of the problems of Sergei Kachalkov’s text, which we mentioned in the previous lesson: the influence of art on people’s souls. I suggest you select arguments for the thesis: “Art creates good people, shapes the human soul.” (Pyotr Tchaikovsky). Remember that arguments from the reader's experience carry more weight. I suggest you look at a few slides of the presentation, which I hope will help you have a positive attitude towards completing your homework. (showing slides with paintings by various artists).

Worksheet for Russian language lesson 11th grade ___________________________________________

Last name, first name

Topic: Argumentation of one's own position. Types and structure of arguments.

1. Spelling warm-up.

What do we know about brothers and friends?

What do we know about our unity?

And about our own father we

Knowing everything (n..) we know (n..) what.

Evgeny Yevtushenko “There are no uninteresting people...”

Explain spellings, restore missing punctuation marks.

Make a diagram of 1 sentence.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Give (orally) a syntactic description of 2 sentences.

What is inversion? Find the inversion in sentence 2. What is the purpose of inversion?

How can you correlate the lines of this poem with the literary text that you analyzed at home? What problem do they have in common?

2. Reading the text by Sergei Kachalkov.

Remember the composition of the essay - reasoning.

3.Checking D\Z. (Evaluation of each fragment of the essay is based on criteria K1-K3).

4. PHYS. JUST A MINUTE

5. Explanation of new material.

Argument structure

Thesis (a position that needs to be proven);

Argumentation (evidence, arguments);

Micro-output

6. Argumentation of your own position SCORE:__K4-_______

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Lesson " Argumentation: types and structure »

Lesson topic: Argumentation: types and structure

Lesson objectives:

– educational: give the concept of argumentation, the types and structure of arguments, show ways of selecting arguments;

– developing: develop the ability to analyze, identify a text problem, generalize and draw conclusions;

– educational: encourage students to be active,cultivate a communicative culture among students

Lesson type : speech development lesson.

Lesson type : combined.

Methodical techniques: logical-structural analysis of a sample text,identifying the structural components of argumentation, identifying the main problem of the text, the author’s position and formulating one’s own thesis on the identified problem.

Basic Concepts : text problem, commentary, author’s position, argumentation of one’s own opinion.

Equipment : PC, multimedia projector, handouts (texts).

References:

Dolinina T.A. Russian language. How to write an essay on the Unified State Exam. – M.: Iris-press, 2009. – 128 p.

Egoraeva G.T. Russian language. Commentary on the main problem of the text. Argumentation. Universal materials with methodological recommendations, solutions and answers. – M.: Publishing House “Exam”, 2013. – 318 p.

Rhetoric. Grade 11: Textbook for secondary schools / Ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya. – M.: Yuventa Publishing House; Publishing house "Balass" 2004. – 224.:

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.

2. Working on the topic of the lesson:

3. Consolidation of the studied material. Workshop on the topic of the lesson.

4.Homework

5. Summarizing. Reflection.

During the classes

1. Organizational stage.

Teacher's opening speech.

Hello guys! We will devote our lesson to talking about arguing our own opinion. We will look at its types and features, and get acquainted with the methods of selecting arguments.

2. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1) Updating basic knowledge.

Please remind me of the composition of the argumentative essay. (Problem – Commentary on the problem – Author’s position – Own opinion – Argument 1 – Argument 2 - Conclusion ).

Remember: what is the purpose of reasoning? (Prove the truth of any position (thesis).

2) Introduction to the concept of argumentation and its components.

Teacher:In order to formulate your own position, it is not enough to just formally state your opinion:I agree (disagree) with the author's opinion. Your position should be formulated in a separate sentence. For example: I agree with the author’s opinion: a person’s speech is an indicator of his intellectual and moral development.

Argument structure. How to argue your position?

An argument is a thought or position that is used to prove the truth or falsity of a thesis. Argumentation is a process of proof.The purpose of argumentation is to convince of something, to strengthen or change an opinion. For this, a logically coherent system of evidence is used. A typical (complete) argument is constructed according to a scheme in which three parts are distinguished:

thesis (a position that needs to be proven);

argumentation (evidence, arguments);

micro-output.

There are arguments worth 2 points: examples from fiction; examples from journalistic literature; examples from scientific literature.

There are arguments worth 1 point: examples from life, personal observations and conclusions, references to authority, proverbs, sayings, examples from films.

There are certain types of arguments:

brain teaser (scientific findings, statistics, laws of nature, provisions of legal laws, official documents, eyewitness accounts);

illustrative (literary example);

speculative (references to authority: opinion of a scientist, philosopher).

3. Consolidation of the studied material. Workshop on the topic of the lesson.

Exercises to understand the structural and semantic features of reasoning and the structure of argumentation: logical-structural analysis of a sample text, identifying the structural components of argumentation.

Read the text. Consider the diagram for it.

There are still people who treat art, especially music, as entertainment. What a huge misconception this is!

“I would regret it if my music only entertained listeners. I tried to make them better,” wrote the wonderful German composer XVIII century Handel.

“To strike fire from the hearts of people” - this is what the great Beethoven strove for.

The genius of Russian music, Tchaikovsky, dreamed of “bringing consolation to people.”

How these words resonate with the words of Pushkin, amazing in their simplicity and clarity: “And for a long time I will be so kind to the people that I awakened good feelings with the lyre!..”

As the poet accurately defined the highest purpose of art - to awaken feelings in people! And this applies to all types of art, including music - the most emotional art.

Music is a large and serious part of life, a powerful means of spiritual enrichment. (According to D. Kabalevsky)

Treating music as entertainment is a huge misconception.

since since since since since since

Music makes people better people

Music strikes fire from hearts

Music brings people comfort

Music awakens good feelings

Music is a powerful means of spiritual enrichment

What information did you get from this text? What is this text about?

Do you agree that the circuit is done correctly? Justify your opinion. Are there possible scheme options?

Tell us about the role of arguments (arguments, conclusions) in revealing the main idea: how do they help the transmitted information become complete? What arguments does the author use?

Will the work done help you retell the text?

Read the text and complete the tasks.

Chekhov grew up in Taganrog, a multilingual port city and at that time a bustling center of international trade on the Sea of Azov. The writer's father, Pavel Yegorovich, was a remarkable man: he painted, played the violin, loved singing, and led a church choir. And all his life he remembered with admiration the steppe, on which he drove herds of cattle from a young age. However, striving at all costs to become one of the people, to provide for his family, to give his children an education, he went into commerce and opened a shop in Taganrog. Lacking the ability to trade, he suffered constant failures in his business. Maybe that’s why the father in the family often became irritable and rude. Many years later, Chekhov wrote to his brothers: “... despotism and lies have distorted our childhood to such an extent that it is sickening and scary to remember. Remember the horror and disgust we felt during that time, when my father rebelled at dinner because of too salty soup or cursed my mother as a fool. Father can now never forgive himself for all this.”

Anton Chekhov and his older brothers sat for hours in the shop from an early age, often toiled until late at night in the church choir, which their father led, and on holidays, rising before dawn, they went to sing in church. Pavel Yegorovich constantly used spanking as an educational tool.

And yet it was a friendly family. The father's intemperance was softened by the mother's warmth. All the children - five sons and a daughter - were attached to their parents and to each other. And everyone was gifted. The family loved invention, jokes, and appreciated art.

(M. Kachurin)

1. Name the problems that the author raises in this text.

2. What category does this problem fall into?

A) philosophical

B) psychological

B) moral

D) environmental

4. Homework : In the works of which writersXIX- XXhas this problem been going on for centuries? Name their works. Formulate your opinion and provide arguments.

5. Summing up. Reflection.

Thus, arguing your own opinion on an issue is a very important criterion for assessing your written work.

– What new did you learn in the lesson?

– What did you learn in the lesson?

Today you learned thatthe argument must correspond to what is asserted (the argument must prove exactly what is asserted); the argument must be convincing. The argument, the given example, should not just act as a vivid narrative or descriptive microtext, but prove or disprove this or that statement.

Argumentation of your own opinion on the problem.

What is an argument?

In the essay, you must express your opinion on the formulated problem, agreeing or disagreeing with the position of the author, as written in the assignment of part C. In your answer, you must give two arguments, based on knowledge, life or reading experience.

note

It is not enough to just formally state your opinion: I agree (disagree) with the author. Your position, even if it coincides with the author’s, must be formulated in a separate sentence.

For example: Thus, the author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that nature has long been in need of the help of each of us. I completely agree with the author and also believe that humanity should reconsider its consumer attitude towards nature.

Your position must then be supported by two arguments. In this part of the work, you must strictly follow the rules for constructing a reasoning text. Argumentation is the presentation of evidence, explanations, examples to substantiate any idea in front of listeners (readers) or an interlocutor.

Arguments are evidence given in support of a thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

Illustrating the argument

An important element of argumentation is illustrations, i.e. examples that support the argument.

Argument collection:

Arguments worth two points

Types of arguments

There are different classifications of arguments. For example, there are logical arguments - these are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason (scientific axioms, laws of nature, statistical data, examples from life and literature), and psychological arguments - arguments that evoke certain feelings, emotions in the addressee and form a certain attitude towards the person, object, phenomenon being described (the emotional conviction of the writer, appeal to universal human values, etc.).

The main thing that the essay writer should know is that the arguments you use “have different weights,” that is, they are assessed with different points.

Some arguments are worth one point, while others are worth two.

Please note that arguments worth two points always include a reference to the author and title of the work. In addition, when talking about a literary text, it is not enough to simply mention the author and the title of the work ( L.N. Tolstoy reflects on the problem of patriotism in the novel “War and Peace”), you must also indicate specific characters, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the work of art you mention with the problem discussed in the source text.

For example: M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of humanism in his story “The Old Woman Izergil.” Danko, the hero of one of the legends, sacrificed his life to save his people. He appeared just when people needed help, and led them, desperate and embittered, through the forest to freedom. The feat of Danko, who tore his heart out of his chest to illuminate the path to freedom, is a stunning example of true humanism and boundless love for people.

Proverbs, sayings, and aphorisms can be considered as an argument, worth 2 points, but only if they are accompanied by explanations and your reflections on their content. For example: It is no coincidence that folk wisdom affirms the unconditional value of friendship: “Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends”; “An old friend is better than two new ones”, “Look for a friend, and if you find him, take care of him”... Indeed, true friends are ready to share grief and joy with you, to come to the rescue in difficult times. It is friends who make us understand that we are not alone in this world.

It must be said that any example from fiction, scientific or journalistic literature should be “framed” by your reasoning, emphasizing the connection of the given example with the problem you are considering.

When giving an example from journalistic literature, also do not forget, in addition to the author’s surname, to indicate the title of the note, article, essay and, if possible, the name of the publication in which this material was published.

TV journalist Oleg Ptashkin reflects on the problem of the influence of television on modern Russian society in his article “Trash-TV”, published on the website www.gazeta.ru. According to the author, modern television in Russia is experiencing an acute crisis - a crisis of ideas and meaning. Those who create television programs do not think at all about the public benefit. The journalist is concerned that modern media promotes lack of spirituality and immorality, teaching people the idea that a normal life for the sake of family, children, and success at work is the lot of losers. The author is convinced that the main task of modern television is education: it should teach people to honor family, parents, and cultural traditions. Only then will television contribute to the revival of spirituality.

Everything that was said earlier also applies to examples from the scientific literature.

People who do not give in to life's difficulties, who boldly face the truth, are the masters of their destiny. Historian Lev Gumilyov in his work “Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth” called such people passionaries. Among them are many great historical figures, famous military leaders, fighters for freedom and human rights, and each of them contributed to the development of society.

In search of compelling arguments, some students boldly come up with the names of “famous publicists” or the titles of non-existent works, sometimes attributing them to famous writers. For example: In one of his works, “Nature,” the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev reflects on the relationship between nature and man.

The critic Belinsky in his article “On Humanity” wrote that people should help each other.

You can also cite as an example the story of A. Pristavkin “The War of Russians and Chechens.”

Rest assured: all such “opuses” will be classified as factual errors, which means that you will not only not earn points for argumentation, but will also lose 1 point for violating factual accuracy.

Arguments worth one point

Arguments rated 1 point are, as a rule, easier to select, and therefore their “specific weight” is lower. Most of them rely in one way or another on our life experience, our observations of our lives, the lives of other people or society as a whole.

Examples from life. Despite the fact that the graduate’s life experience is not yet very great, in his life or the lives of others you can find examples of good or bad deeds, manifestations of friendly feelings, honesty, kindness or callousness, selfishness.

Be careful with this type of argument because, in our experience of checking essays, most of them are simply made up by students and the persuasiveness of such arguments is highly questionable. For example:

I have seen from my own experience the dangers of cheap literature. After one of these books, I got a severe headache. This a book about a failed thief. Terrible nonsense! Indeed, I was afraid that I would get brain cancer after reading this book. Terrible feeling!

Let me give you an example from my personal life: people are sitting on the street without shelter, without food, absolutely without anything. They sit and ask for money for some food.

Unfortunately, my limited life experience does not allow me to express my broad opinion on this issue.

Especially often in such grief-arguments, various relatives, friends and acquaintances appear, with whom extremely instructive stories happen. For example:

I know one person who ignored (?!) the illness and death of his father. Now his children are not helping him.

My grandfather told me that his dad was in the detachment in 1812 (?!) when troops under the command of Napoleon began to attack Moscow.

A good example of the problem with this text are some of my classmates. Obviously, they were raised too little, and they were not accustomed to work from childhood, so they do nothing.

Much less common are examples from life that can be considered suitable arguments:

I became convinced that there are not only indifferent people. Two years ago, trouble came to our family - there was a fire. Relatives, neighbors, acquaintances and even just people who knew about our misfortune helped us as best they could. I am very grateful to everyone who did not remain indifferent and helped me and my family in difficult times.

Observations of the lives of people and society as a whole look more convincing, since individual facts in such examples are generalized and drawn up in the form of certain conclusions:

I believe that empathy and compassion are instilled in people from childhood. If a child was surrounded by care and affection, then, as he grows up, he will give this goodness to others.

However, arguments of this type may look curious and not the most convincing:

Probably all mothers and grandmothers are fond of women's novels. Women read all sorts of books, and then suffer from why theirs is not the same as in the book.

Speculative examples are thoughts about what might happen under certain conditions:

I can’t imagine my life without books: without textbooks that help us understand the world, without fiction, revealing the secrets of human relationships and forming moral values. Such a life would be incredibly poor and boring.

“Blind faith has evil eyes,” the Polish writer Stanislaw Jerzy Lec once accurately remarked.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky reflected on the essence of literary talent: “Talent is the ability to say or express well where mediocrity will say and express poorly.” “For others, nature is firewood, coal, ore, or a dacha, or just a landscape. For me, nature is the environment from which, like flowers, all our human talents grew,” wrote Mikhail Prishvin.

Remember that the persons whose statements you refer to must actually be authorities in a particular field. For example, the Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza generally doubted the significance of such arguments and believed that “a reference to authority is not an argument.”

At their core, proverbs and sayings are a type of reference to authority. The strength of these arguments lies in the fact that we appeal to the authority of folk wisdom. Remember that a simple mention of proverbs, sayings, and catchwords, not accompanied by your reflections on their content, is scored 1 point.

It is no coincidence that Russian proverbs affirm the value of the experience of older generations: “A parent’s word is not spoken to the wind; He who honors his parents never perishes.”

References to films, which have recently been frequently found in essays, most often indicate a narrow outlook and little reading experience. We are convinced that examples of friendship, humane treatment of people or heroic deeds can always be found not only in the films “Avatar” or “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone,” but also on the pages of works of art.

It seems to me that the fate of the heroine of V. Menshov’s film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” can serve as an excellent confirmation of the author’s idea that a person should strive to realize his dreams. Katerina worked in a factory, raised a child herself, graduated from college in absentia and, as a result, achieved success - she became director of the plant. Thus, each of us has the power to achieve our dreams. It is only necessary to bring its implementation closer with every step, with every action.

(It may be noted that confirmation of the author’s thoughts could be found in the fate of Alexander Grigoriev, the hero of V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”, or cite the example of Alexei Meresyev from the work of B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”, or recall Assol from story of the same name by A. Green.)

Argument structure

When writing an essay, you should remember that between the thesis and two arguments confirming your position, there should be a clear connection, which is usually expressed by so-called “logical transitions” - statements connecting known information in the text with new information. In addition, each argument is accompanied by a “micro-conclusion” - a statement that sums up some thoughts.

Failure to comply with this structure (in essence, any paragraph of coherent text is built according to this scheme) often leads to logical errors.

Typical Argumentation Errors

What does the expert check?

The expert highlights that part of the essay text that performs the function of argumentation. Then he establishes the correspondence of the argument to the asserted (the argument must prove exactly what is asserted), assesses the degree of persuasiveness, which can manifest itself both in strict logic and in emotional evaluation and figurative expression.

The expert determines the number of arguments, as well as the correspondence of the argument to the semantic function: the given example should not just act as a vivid narrative or descriptive microtext, but prove or disprove this or that statement.

The maximum score (3) for criterion K4 is given for work in which the examinee expressed his opinion on the problem he formulated (agreeing or disagreeing with the position of the author), gave reasons for it (gave at least 2 arguments, one of which is taken from fiction, journalistic or scientific literature).