What does etc mean? See what "Etc." in other dictionaries Abbreviations in English etc

I have a student who is involved in science. And in science there is nowhere without abbreviations. Yes, and in ordinary written speech, including fiction, not to mention specialized literature, abbreviations like e.g., i.e. or everyone knows etc. the darkness is dark. Some of them come from Latin, but most are simply abbreviations of English words. I offer you a list of the most commonly used abbreviations (sometimes with examples and notes):

A.D.(anno Domini) - year AD
B.C.(Before Christ) - year BC
Please note that AD is placed before the date (AD64), BC after (300BC); when indicating the century, both come after the numeral (second century AD, fourth century BC)

approx.(aproximately / approximate) - approximately, approximately, approximate

avg.(average) - average, on average

ca.(circa - /?s3?k?/) - approximately, approximately: e.g. "People first came to the area ca 1700."

cent.(century, centuries) - century, centuries

cf.(confer, compare) - see also, cf., link often found in books

co.(column) - column

cont(d).(continued) - continuation. This abbreviation may have a different meaning depending on the context, for example, contained, contents, contraction, continent etc.

ctr.(center) - center, central d. (died, died in) - died: e.g. "The dean of the university at that time was Sir James Stone (d. 1965)."

ed.(edited, edition) - ed., publication, published

e.g.(exempli gratia - for example) - for example. Please note that this abbreviation is read exactly as “for example”! No unauthorized "and ji": e.g. "You can use different adjectives to describe it, e.g. wonderful, beautiful, amazing or splendid."

esp.(especially) - especially: e.g. "I like ice-cream, esp. pistachio-flavoured ice-cream."

est(d).(established / estimated) - founded; calculated, estimate: e.g. "He worked in TD McGuire est. 1987"; "He received est. $10mln."

et al.(et alii) - and others (in the bibliography "with co-authors")

incl.(including) - including: e.g. "They put everything in one box, incl. books on Chaucer."

hr(hours) - hour, hours: e.g. "This car can travel 230 km/hr."

max., min.(maximum, minimum) - maximum, minimum

misc.(miscellaneous) - other: e.g. "The shelf was full of misc. objects."

n.a.: 1) not applicable - not applicable to this case, does not apply: e.g. "This formula shows the general law (n.a. in acid environment)";
2) not available, non available - not available, no data

N.B.(nota bene - note particularly) - note bene, mark “notice well, take note”

No.(number) - number: e.g. "I gave him a mug with the text "I am Dad No.1"."

prev.(previous) - previous: e.g. "See prev. page for more information."

pt.(part) - part: e.g. "You can look it up in Quantum Physics pt. II."

qt.(quantity / quart) - quantity; quart

resp.(respectively) - accordingly: e.g. "Basic earnings increased 40% and 39% to $0.55 and $0.54 resp."

std.(standard) - standard, standard

vs.(versus) - against: e.g. "We went to see Alien vs. Predator"

w/(with) - with: e.g. "Add sugar w/ cinnamon to the batter."

w/o(without) - without: e.g. "There you can order sandwiches w/o mayo."

In almost all modern languages ​​of the world, so-called Latinisms, which are abbreviations of standard and most common terms, are used to define some universal concepts. One of these is the abbreviation etc. Its decoding is quite simple, however, since we are talking about computer technology, we will consider it from this point of view. We use Windows operating systems as examples.

Abbreviation etc.: decoding in English in a general sense

As numerous sources say, Latinism etc., which we inherited from the “old Romans,” is a derivative of the phrase et cetera, which in the general understanding means “and so on.”

For the term etc. the decoding is always the same, but the Latin abbreviation may change. You can often find an abbreviation of the abbreviation itself, when instead of etc. &c is used in writing.

Abbreviation etc.: decoding in relation to computer technology

As for this abbreviation in relation to modern computers, in its usual presentation it occurs because-to the extent.

However, in relation to the Windows family of operating systems for etc. the decryption is only that among the system components you can find a folder of the same name. All components located in it are, to one degree or another, responsible for network settings (this will be discussed below).

Where is the etc. folder?

The directory itself, depending on the system version, can be located at System32/etc or System32/drivers/etc in the main Windows directory on the system drive or partition. As a rule, by default this is drive C, although when installing two or more operating systems, virtual logical partitions can also be system partitions.

In some modifications you can find such a directory in the Windows/etc location, which is extremely rare and depends on the installation of certain types of software. In addition, very often the directory itself can be hidden, and to display it you need to use the appropriate view parameters configured in regular Explorer or any other file manager.

What files are contained in the etc. directory?

Now comes the most important point. The etc folder should contain only five objects (files), no more and no less:

• hosts;
• lmhosts.sam;
• networks;
• protocol;
• services.

If there is anything else in this directory, we can confidently say that this is the consequences of a virus infection of the system.

The main role among all objects is assigned to which is a text document, although it does not have an extension. As a rule, it is hidden. You can see it in the same “Explorer” or in any other file manager, provided that the appropriate view parameters are set, as mentioned above.

The text part itself is responsible for the domain names and network addresses of the nodes used during translation. In this case, access to this file has a higher priority compared to requests addressed to DNS servers. Control over changes in the contents of a text object is carried out at the computer terminal administrator level. You can open the file for viewing and editing in any text editor like the usual Notepad, which is included in the standard set of any Windows system.

It would not be out of place to say that many viruses use this particular file to restrict or block access to certain sites. Therefore, it is worth familiarizing yourself with its original content.

Remember! The last line should contain only the local address and look like this:

#127.0.0.1 localhost

In some cases it may contain two lines:

#127.0.0.1 localhost

There should be no other entries after them. If they are still present, most often these are local addresses of blocked resources. They should be removed. But this turns out to be impossible, since most anti-virus programs, as well as the operating system itself, prohibit editing this object. You will have to disable protection, create a new file, rename it, then delete the old one, manipulate related objects, in particular the lmhosts file, etc. In general, there is enough hassle.

The impact of viruses manifests itself in such a way that the original site or resource is blocked at the hosts file level, and the malicious program redirects the user to clone sites, the addresses and appearance of which may somewhat resemble popular social networks. There are often cases when such resources contain threats, but most often the redirect is made to some pages with a huge amount of advertising of goods and services that no one needs. In this case, it is even possible to steal personal information that the user enters when logging into the social network. And this is already fraught with serious consequences both for the registered user and for the Internet community. Who hasn’t encountered mass spam mailings on social networks? This is the simplest and most obvious example of how such viruses and codes work.

Instead of a total

That's all there is to it, etc. in a nutshell. Deciphering it, as we see, is quite simple. But this applies only to a commonly used concept. In the field of computer technology, this interpretation is practically not used, since at the system level it has a slightly different meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the commonly used meaning and understanding of this Latinism in relation to IT technologies.

Don't use "et cetera" more than once in a sentence. Although some people think it's very cute to use "et cetera" more than once in a sentence to emphasize the fact that many additional elements are needed, in reality only one "et cetera" is enough. The sentence “before the party I need to wash the dishes, the car, clean the room, et cetera et cetera et cetera” will never be correct.

Don't use an extra "and" before "et cetera". Since the “et” in “et cetera” already means “and,” it would be redundant to use the phrase “and et cetera,” because in reality it would be as if you were saying “and and so on.” Avoid using “and” before “et cetera.”

Don't use "et cetera" if you're discussing a specific list of things needed and don't imply anything extra. If all you need for a party are cookies, cake, and donuts, the phrase “cookies, cake, donuts et cetera” will lead readers to believe that they might want to bring another type of dessert.

Don't use "et cetera" when talking about people."et cetera" can only refer to things; “and others” is usually used to refer to people. You cannot say: “My younger brothers and sister - Masha, Vanya, Tanya et cetera - annoy me, although I try to be polite to them.” Instead, you can say: My younger brothers and sister - Masha, Vanya, Tanya and others - annoy me, although I try to be polite to them. In this example, you use “and others,” which means you are annoyed with other siblings besides those listed.

Etc. ​in​ ​English means abbreviation of an enumerated list. In order to pronounce this phrase correctly, we will use the transcription [ɪt’set(ə)rə] . Etc is read in English as “it setera” absolutely always, even despite its abbreviated form.

But what does etc mean? translated from its original language and how is it deciphered?

Abbreviation etc. comes from the Latin language, namely from the phrase “et cetera” , which means in translation “and others” It is used as an adverb at the end of a sentence to indicate that similar elements are included in what follows.

The main task etc. consists of indicating that the list being enumerated will continue in a similar way, so there is no point in extending it, that’s why they write etc.

In Latin there is another abbreviation with a similar role. Latin abbreviation “Q.E.D.” (quod erat demonstrandum), which stands for “what needed to be proven.” This expression was used to summarize all of the above.

Examples of using etc.

Let's now look at a few examples in which etc is appropriate.

We have a constant battle against garden pests such as slugs, snails, insects, etc. —We have a constant battle with garden pests such as slugs, snails, insects and the rest.

Pigment is mixed into oil, glue, egg, etc., to make different types of paint. — The pigment is mixed with oil, glue, egg and etc. to make different types of paints.

I like sweet food, such as chocolate, vanilla, honey, etc. — I like sweet foods such as chocolate, vanilla, honey and etc.

For our body is very important the full content of vitamins such as A B C etc.— The full content of vitamins such as A, B, C is very important for our body. and the rest.

The technologies of green energy are those that generated electricity without harming for our planet, such as solar panels, wind turbines, etc. — Green energy technologies refer to ways in which electricity has been generated without harming the planet, such as solar panels, wind turbines and etc.

Notes:

Also after etc. There is always a period, no matter what part of the sentence this abbreviation is in.

As a replacement for etc. The following phrases may be used.

An expression meaning “and others,” “and the like,” “and so on.” There were also archaic forms of abbreviation: &/c., &c. And &ca. This is due to the use of the symbol “&” in many European languages ​​to denote the conjunction “and” (lat. et).

This expression, usually in abbreviated form, is used to denote the logical continuation of enumerations in English, less often Russian and other languages.

You should not write “and etc.” - this is an error, since et cetera already contains the conjunction “and”.

The shortened version (etc.) must always end with a period and be separated from preceding list elements by a comma, that is:

Correct stress and pronunciation: “et cetera” (in classical Latin “et ketera”). The emphasis “et cetera”, modeled on the accents of the French language, is incorrect. Used as poetic license:

...From the bonmots of the Parisian court,
With Bérenger's last song,
With motives of Rossini, Pera,
Et cetera, et cetera.

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Synonyms:

See what "Etc." in other dictionaries:

Etc...TV- Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Etc...medios S.A. Nombre público Etc...TV Eslogan Todo pasa x ETC Tipo Television por cable Programación Infantil y Juvenil Propietario Telefilms Ltda. Inicio de tr... Wikipedia Español

Etc

Etc...- Etc. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cetera (homonymie). Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, c … Wikipédia en Français

- (from Latin et cetera and so on) a directory of the FHS standard containing configuration files of most system utilities and UNIX-like OS programs. Editing these files entails changes for all users... ... Wikipedia

etc- 1. This is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera meaning 'and other things of the same kind', and is pronounced et set ǝr ǝ or et set rǝ, despite the temptation to articulate the first syllable ek on the analogy of words such as ecstasy… …Modern English usage

Etc...- Etc... Saltar a navegación, búsqueda etc. es un canal de televisión canadiense. Este canal se ve por televisión por cable canadiense y tiene su página de internet, tiene diferentes secciones y se puede encontrar en inglés o en francés. Su insignia... Wikipedia Español

etc.- etc. also etc BrE adv et cetera used in writing after a list to show that there are many other similar things or people that you could have added ▪ a shop which sells cards, calendars, wrapping paper etc etc etc (=used when you are… … Dictionary of contemporary English

ETC- Pays Québec Langue français, Périodicité trimestrielle … Wikipédia en Français

Etc: Wiktionary has an entry for “etc” etc. an abbreviation of the Latin expression et cetera, meaning "and others", "and the like", "and so on". Placed at the end... Wikipedia

etc.- etc. [ et set(ə)rə ] abbreviation used after a list of things to mean and others of the same type, when you do not want to mention everything: The children can try playing music, dancing, painting etc. etc. etc. used as a way of avoiding… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

Books

• Laws Of The State Of Mississippi, Passed At A Regular Session Of The Mississippi Legislature, Held In The City Of Jackson, November&December, 1861, And January, 1862, etc Mississippi Laws. The book is a reprint edition. Despite the fact that serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may contain...