Where did Stalin work? Joseph Stalin - biography, photo, personal life

On December 6, 1878, Joseph Stalin was born in Gori. Stalin's real name is Dzhugashvili. In 1888, he entered the Gori Theological School, and later, in 1894, the Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary. This time became the period of the spread of Marxist ideas in Russia.

During his studies, Stalin organized and headed “Marxist circles” at the seminary, and in 1898 he joined the Tiflis organization of the RSDLP. In 1899, he was expelled from the seminary for promoting the ideas of Marxism, after which he was repeatedly under arrest and in exile.

Stalin first became acquainted with Lenin's ideas after the publication of the newspaper Iskra. Lenin and Stalin met personally in December 1905 at a conference in Finland. After I.V. Stalin briefly, before Lenin's return, served as one of the leaders of the Central Committee. After the October coup, Joseph received the post of People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs.

He showed himself to be an excellent military organizer, but at the same time demonstrated his commitment to terrorism. In 1922, he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee, as well as to the Politburo and Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP. At that time, Lenin had already retired from active work; real power belonged to the Politburo.

Even then, Stalin’s disagreements with Trotsky were obvious. During the 13th Congress of the RCP(b), held in May 1924, Stalin announced his resignation, but the majority of votes received during the voting allowed him to retain his post. The consolidation of his power led to the beginning of the personality cult of Stalin. Simultaneously with industrialization and the development of heavy industry, dispossession and collectivization were carried out in the villages. The result was the death of millions of Russian citizens. Stalin's repressions, which began in 1921, claimed more than 5 million lives over 32 years.

Stalin's policies led to the creation and subsequent strengthening of a harsh authoritarian regime. The beginning of the career of Lavrenty Beria dates back to this period (20s). Stalin and Beria met regularly during the General Secretary's trips to the Caucasus. Later, thanks to his personal devotion to Stalin, Beria entered the leader’s closest circle of associates and during Stalin’s reign he held key positions and was awarded many state awards.

In a brief biography of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, it is necessary to mention the most difficult period for the country. It should be noted that Stalin already in the 30s. was convinced that a military conflict with Germany was inevitable, and sought to prepare the country as much as possible. But this, given the economic devastation and underdeveloped industry, required years, if not decades.

Confirmation of preparations for war is the construction of large-scale underground fortifications, called the “Stalin Line”. 13 fortified areas were built on the western borders, each of which, if necessary, was able to conduct military operations in complete isolation.

In 1939, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was concluded, which was supposed to be in force until 1949. The fortifications, completed in 1938, were then almost completely destroyed - blown up or buried.

Stalin understood that the likelihood of Germany violating this pact was very high, but he believed that Germany would attack only after the defeat of England, and ignored persistent warnings about an attack being prepared in June 1941. This was largely the reason for the catastrophic situation that developed at the front already on the first day of the war.

On June 23, Stalin headed the Headquarters of the High Command. On the 30th he was appointed chairman of the State Defense Committee, and on August 8 he was declared the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. During this most difficult period, Stalin managed to prevent the complete defeat of the army and thwart Hitler’s plans for the lightning takeover of the USSR. Possessing a strong will, Stalin was able to organize millions of people. But the price of this victory was high. The Second World War became the bloodiest and most brutal war for Russia in history.

During 1941-1942. the situation at the front continued to remain critical. Although the attempt to capture Moscow was prevented, there was a threat of seizing the territory of the North Caucasus, which was an important energy center. Voronezh was partially captured by the Nazis. During the spring offensive, the Red Army suffered huge losses near Kharkov.

The USSR was actually on the verge of defeat. In order to tighten discipline in the army and prevent the possibility of troops retreating, Stalin’s order 227 “Not a step back!” was issued, which put barrier detachments into action. The same order introduced penal battalions and companies as part of fronts and armies, respectively. Stalin managed to unite (at least for the duration of the Second World War) outstanding Russian commanders, the brightest of whom was Zhukov. For his contribution to the victory, the Generalissimo of the USSR was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1945.

The post-war years of Stalin's rule were marked by a renewal of terror. But at the same time, the restoration of the country’s economy and the destroyed economy proceeded at an unprecedented pace, despite the refusal of Western countries to provide loans. In the post-war years, Stalin carried out many party purges, the pretext for which was the fight against cosmopolitanism.

In the last years of his reign, Stalin was incredibly suspicious, which was partly provoked by attempts on his life. The first attempt on Stalin's life took place back in 1931 (November 16). It was committed by Ogarev, a “white” officer and employee of British intelligence.

1937 (May 1) - possible coup attempt; 1938 (March 11) - assassination attempt on the leader during a walk in the Kremlin, committed by Lieutenant Danilov; 1939 - two attempts to eliminate Stalin by Japanese secret services; 1942 (November 6) - assassination attempt at Lobnoye Mesto, committed by deserter S. Dmitriev. Operation Big Leap, prepared by the Nazis in 1947, was aimed at eliminating not only Stalin, but also Roosevelt and Churchill during the Tehran Conference. Some historians believe that Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 was not natural. But, according to the medical report, it occurred as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. Thus ended the most difficult and contradictory era of Stalin for the country.

The leader's body was placed in the Lenin Mausoleum. Stalin's first funeral was marked by a bloody stampede on Trubnaya Square, resulting in the deaths of many people. During the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, many of Joseph Stalin's actions were condemned, in particular his deviation from the Leninist course and the cult of personality. His body was buried near the Kremlin wall in 1961.

For six months after Stalin, Malenkov ruled, and in September 1953 power passed to Khrushchev.

Speaking about Stalin's biography, it is necessary to mention his personal life. Joseph Stalin was married twice. His first wife, who bore him a son, Yakov (the only one who bore his father’s surname), died of typhoid fever in 1907. Yakov died in 1943 in a German concentration camp.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva became Stalin's second wife in 1918. She shot herself in 1932. Stalin's children from this marriage: Vasily and Svetlana. Stalin's son Vasily, a military pilot, died in 1962. Svetlana, Stalin's daughter, emigrated to the United States. She died in Wisconsin on November 22, 2011.

Historians call the dates of Stalin's reign from 1929 to 1953. Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879. He is the founder. Many contemporaries of the Soviet era associate the years of Stalin’s reign not only with the victory over Nazi Germany and the increasing level of industrialization of the USSR, but also with numerous repressions of the civilian population.

During Stalin's reign, about 3 million people were imprisoned and sentenced to death. And if we add to them those sent into exile, dispossessed and deported, then the victims among the civilian population in the Stalin era can be counted at about 20 million people. Now many historians and psychologists are inclined to believe that Stalin’s character was greatly influenced by the situation within the family and his upbringing in childhood.

The emergence of Stalin's tough character

It is known from reliable sources that Stalin’s childhood was not the happiest and most cloudless. The leader's parents often argued in front of their son. The father drank a lot and allowed himself to beat his mother in front of little Joseph. The mother, in turn, took out her anger on her son, beat and humiliated him. The unfavorable atmosphere in the family greatly affected Stalin's psyche. Even as a child, Stalin understood a simple truth: whoever is stronger is right. This principle became the future leader’s motto in life. He was also guided by him in governing the country. He was always strict with his.

In 1902, Joseph Vissarionovich organized a demonstration in Batumi; this step was his first in his political career. A little later, Stalin became the Bolshevik leader, and his circle of best friends includes Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov). Stalin fully shares Lenin's revolutionary ideas.

In 1913, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili first used his pseudonym - Stalin. From that time on, he became known by this last name. Few people know that before the surname Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich tried on about 30 pseudonyms that never caught on.

Stalin's reign

The period of Stalin's reign begins in 1929. Almost the entire reign of Joseph Stalin was accompanied by collectivization, mass death of civilians and famine. In 1932, Stalin adopted the “three ears of corn” law. According to this law, a starving peasant who stole ears of wheat from the state was immediately subject to capital punishment - execution. All saved bread in the state was sent abroad. This was the first stage of industrialization of the Soviet state: the purchase of modern foreign-made equipment.

During the reign of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, massive repressions of the peaceful population of the USSR were carried out. The repressions began in 1936, when the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR was taken by N.I. Yezhov. In 1938, on the orders of Stalin, his close friend Bukharin was shot. During this period, many residents of the USSR were exiled to the Gulag or shot. Despite all the cruelty of the measures taken, Stalin's policy was aimed at raising the state and its development.

Pros and cons of Stalin's rule

Minuses:

• strict board policy:
• the almost complete destruction of senior army ranks, intellectuals and scientists (who thought differently from the USSR government);
• repression of wealthy peasants and the religious population;
• the widening “gap” between the elite and the working class;
• oppression of the civilian population: payment for labor in food instead of monetary remuneration, working day up to 14 hours;
• propaganda of anti-Semitism;
• about 7 million starvation deaths during the period of collectivization;
• the flourishing of slavery;
• selective development of sectors of the economy of the Soviet state.

Pros:

• creation of a protective nuclear shield in the post-war period;
• increasing the number of schools;
• creation of children's clubs, sections and circles;
• space exploration;
• reduction in prices for consumer goods;
• low prices for utilities;
• development of industry of the Soviet state on the world stage.

During the Stalin era, the social system of the USSR was formed, social, political and economic institutions appeared. Joseph Vissarionovich completely abandoned the NEP policy and, at the expense of the village, carried out the modernization of the Soviet state. Thanks to the strategic qualities of the Soviet leader, the USSR won the Second World War. The Soviet state began to be called a superpower. The USSR joined the UN Security Council. The era of Stalin's rule ended in 1953, when. He was replaced as Chairman of the USSR Government by N. Khrushchev.

Joseph Stalin remains one of the most controversial figures in history to this day. The head of the largest state in the world, the leader of the people who defeated fascism, a tyrant who held everyone in fear until his death, inspiring involuntary awe not only in his subjects and subordinates, but also in his closest associates. Throughout his life, he fully and completely justified the meaning of his pseudonym, while Stalin’s real name, of course, was not distinguished by the same euphony.

Passion by nickname

The active use of pseudonyms (literally, “false names”) began at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, in Russia the need to resort to fictitious names appeared somewhat earlier - with the emergence of socio-political literature in the 40-60s of the century before last. Strict censorship in Tsarist Russia encouraged such tricks. In addition, there were many eminent persons who really wanted to speak out about current political events and decisions and remain incognito.

With the emergence of a clear social bias in the political scheme, which, of course, did not fit into the monarchical system, various methods of conspiracy were sought. In this regard, pseudonyms were used as party nicknames. And there were, as a rule, a lot of them. The most common Russian names were taken as the basis for such nicknames. This is how the name “Lenin” arose - from the female name Lena. One of Stalin's pseudonyms was "Ivanov".

Good choice

Almost all residents of Russia know what Stalin’s real name is thanks to him, as well as Lenin’s real name. This is due to the fact that they were the only major figures in the country who, after the revolution, retained the double spelling in their signatures: V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin and I.V. Dzhugashvili-Stalin. And their fictitious names, nevertheless, are firmly entrenched in history, which, of course, speaks of a successful choice of pseudonyms.

Meanwhile, according to various sources, Stalin had many different party nicknames and names. Some sources claim that there were at least thirty of them - written, printed and oral. It is noted that this is an incomplete list. It is not possible to calculate the exact number, since his official biography, as well as his autobiography, has many dark spots. Although this number cannot be compared with the variety of nicknames that Lenin had - a total of 146, of which 129 were Russian and seventeen foreign.

Koba in the revolution

The information that Stalin's real name was Dzhugashvili was never hidden. The leader knew how to competently manipulate the feelings of the people, pretending to be a “simple” native of them and slightly lifting the veil of his life. The masses paid tribute to him and never called him anything other than “Comrade Stalin.” However, this euphonious name appeared much later. He entered revolutionary history with a different name. Only his closest associates, with whom he began political activities, and many of whom he destroyed during the years of repression, continued to call him this way even after his “entrance to the throne.”

This name was the pseudonym "Koba". According to open sources, this was his first permanent pseudonym. It is worth noting that researchers and biographers of Stalin, having analyzed all the party nicknames and pseudonyms of the Soviet leader known to them, came to the conclusion that the letters he most used when choosing his name were “K” and “S”. They were the ones he mostly beat.

According to official information, the pseudonym “Koba” was established after the escape from Kutaisi prison in the summer of 1903. It was under this name that he became known among participants in the revolutionary movement of Transcaucasia from the beginning of 1904. Researchers are convinced that Stalin, whose real name and surname were of Georgian origin, gravitated towards his pseudonym precisely because of the rather difficult to read meaning, especially outside the Caucasus. It is noted that the name has two hypostases: Church Slavonic and national. In the first case, this word means “magic.” In the second, this is a Georgian interpretation of the name of the king of Persia, Kobadesa, who occupies a prominent place in the history of the small southern country during the early Middle Ages.

Allusions to medieval Georgia

Stalin's real surname, of course, had a powerful Georgian sound, but to informed people, the first permanent pseudonym could indicate the serious ambitions of the future leader. It is known that Kobadesa not only conquered eastern Georgia and contributed to the transfer of the capital from Mtskheta to Tbilisi. Among his contemporaries he gained fame as a great wizard. According to the official version, magicians who were part of the “early communist” sect helped him seize the throne. They advocated precisely for an equal division of everything between everyone. After being installed on the throne, the communist tsar brought his sectarian associates closer to the administration. This decision did not find approval among the ruling elite; they formed a conspiracy and overthrew him from the throne. However, the king, who was thrown into prison, was helped to escape by a woman, and he returned to the throne again.

The coincidences in the biography are more than obvious. Stalin probably saw something mystical in this intertwining of destinies. Moreover, there were further coincidences in the future, much later after he abandoned this pseudonym. Another reflection of the fate of the mystic king appeared in the late 30s, when Stalin carried out reprisals against all his associates in establishing the socialist regime - exactly what the king of Kobades did.

Ambitions on a national scale

The real name of Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, was too telling. This did not fit into the plans of the fugitive revolutionary, who clearly cherished thoughts of power that was much greater than regional. With the surname Dzhugashvili, he could hardly count on popular love: the basis of the people was still the Russians, on whom Stalin decided to rely.

After the third escape, returning to Moscow in 1912, Stalin finally decided to join the ranks of the curators of the workers’ and peasants’ movement on an all-Russian scale and completely move away from the Transcaucasian region. At that time, Krasin, Kollontai, Litvinov were already shining in Moscow - the educated elite of the Leninist movement, who, moreover, as a rule, spoke several languages. Of course, no one was going to let him into the front row. However, it was already clear that both Stalin’s real name and his pseudonym “Koba” were simply no good. “Koba” in an environment where, of course, no one would understand the deeper meanings and potential ambitions, would sound simply ridiculous. Stalin understood that the new name should have rigor, solidity, restraint, the absence of minimal opportunities for misinterpretation, an impressive meaning, but without a straightforward effect.

Unbending and flexible like steel

The pseudonym “Stalin” definitely met all these criteria. Unfortunately, the extermination of all the old Bolsheviks (quite quickly, in the second half of the 30s) makes it impossible to even imagine what the first reaction to the new name would be. However, some observers already in the 30s assessed him precisely as an iron man, strong and flexible, like steel. This caused admiration among many in those years. It can be assumed that this was the main thought that guided his choice. Joseph Stalin's real name and his previous pseudonyms did not have such categoricalness, composure, straightforwardness and the necessary rigidity. This is exactly the name that the leader of a monolithic empire should have had.

Everyone knows that Stalin is just one of the pseudonyms of I.V. Dzhugashvili. Many people know that his fellow fighters sometimes called him Koba. Were there other pseudonyms? At one time, an entire Institute was studying this issue, counting about 30 party nicknames, oral and printed pseudonyms related to the party activities of Joseph Vissarionovich.

The lifestyle of the revolutionaries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries forced them to change passports and party nicknames quite often. Such a person escaped from prison or exile, received a fresh (false) passport - changed his “last name”. Subsequently, the document was simply thrown away, and the name on it was forgotten. In such a serious matter, they naturally used pseudonyms similar to their real names (sometimes they were even the names of acquaintances).

Stalin's nickname

For example, Stalin had an acquaintance from Batumi, Nizharadze - his last name became one of the nicknames of young Joseph. And Stalin escaped from exile in Vologda using Chizhikov’s real passport. At the IV Party Congress, a certain Ivanovich was registered as a representative from the Tiflis branch of the party - also the working pseudonym of Dzhugashvili. However, all these were just small episodes in the life of the Bolshevik, who later became a great politician.

Stalin's party nickname

When choosing nicknames and pseudonyms, Stalin showed particular predilection for two letters of the Russian alphabet - “S” and “K”; as a rule, his “names” began with them. Perhaps this was partly due to his native name Soso. This is where pseudonyms such as Sozeli and Soselo came from - diminutives. But it’s not good for a politician to be little Osenka (that’s how these names are roughly translated into Russian). “Kote”, “Kato” - the mother’s name as a pseudonym also did not last long. As Stalin grows, his thirst for greatness awakens. That is why Koba became one of his favorite pseudonyms. What is its origin?

For example, there is this option. This was the name of the hero of the novel “The Patricide,” written by the then popular writer in Georgia Alexander Kazbegi, a noble robber who was the idol of young Soso. According to V. Pokhlebkin, this pseudonym comes from the name of the Persian king Kavad (in another spelling Kobades), who conquered Georgia and made Tbilisi the capital of the country; in Georgian the name of the Persian sounds like Koba. Kavad was known as a supporter of Mazdakism, a movement that promoted early communist views. Traces of interest in Persia and Kavad are found in Stalin’s speeches of 1904-07.

Ideals of Stalin

Some facts of Stalin's biography (ideals, prison, escape from it with the help of a certain woman) surprisingly coincided with the biography of Joseph Vissarionovich himself. And the fact that this was the name of a tsar, and even a conqueror, could not leave Stalin indifferent due to his ambition. It is not for nothing that the word “satraps” was one of Stalin’s favorite expressions. However, the pseudonym Koba was suitable only while Dzhugashvili’s field of activity was Transcaucasia, where people were well acquainted with the local color and history. After entering a wider arena, transferring his aspirations to Russia, the pseudonym Koba became inappropriate, since it ceased to evoke the necessary associations among his party comrades: well, what Russian knew about some Georgian king?

Stalin is a pseudonym that best reflected Koba’s inner essence. The king, shrouded in Eastern mysticism and a certain amount of magic, is replaced by a specific, clear symbol: steel. Brief, succinct, unbending, simple and inevitable - that’s how this word sounds. It is tougher than iron, clear and understandable to everyone. In addition, it has a clear indication of the “Russianness” of the owner. Lenin - Stalin - it looks like it, doesn’t it? For some time the initial “K” reminds me of Kobe. in the signature: K. Stalin - this is how the future leader has signed since 1913. And it is not surprising that this particular pseudonym later became a surname. After all, this has often happened in Russian history: the surname should reflect the inner essence of the owner. “Dzhugashvili” – what’s great here? Although there is a version that the word “juga” is translated from ancient Georgian as “steel”. But this version still seems unfounded. After all, it was the presence of this very steel in the character of Joseph Vissarionovich that made the heirs of his pseudonym so unhappy, who did not have the necessary firmness.

How did the name “Stalin” come about?

They say that this pseudonym was invented by Stalin himself, who relied only on the fact that the pseudonym should have been:

– sounding Russian and Russian in design;

– extremely serious, significant, impressive in content, not allowing any interpretations or misunderstandings;

– it had to have a deep meaning, and at the same time not be particularly conspicuous, not overpowering, and be calm;

– it should be easy to pronounce in any language and phonetically be close to Lenin’s pseudonym, but in such a way that the similarity is also not felt directly.

How many years did Stalin rule?

Actually, Joseph Dzhugashvili finally became Stalin in 1912. Before that, he “tried on” many consonant pseudonyms - Solin, Salin, Soselo, Stephin. In communicating with Lenin, the future head of state did not skimp on compliments, giving Vladimir Ilyich the enthusiastic epithet “mountain eagle.” Lenin responded with the nickname “wonderful Georgian,” which he used more than once. In addition, the leader of the world proletariat called Stalin “a fiery Colchian.” It is curious that after Lenin’s death Stalin himself began to be called “mountain eagle”.

During the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union, Stalin was usually addressed not by his first name, patronymic or military rank (“Comrade Marshal (Generalissimo) of the Soviet Union”), but simply “Comrade Stalin.” During the war, the Allied leaders naturally also had their own nicknames. Churchill and Roosevelt, officially addressing the leader of the USSR as “Marshal Stalin,” called him “Uncle Joe” among themselves. However, with the beginning of the Cold War, this nickname became history.

"The Great Helmsman" For the first time, the official Soviet press called the leader of the USSR this way in September 1934. The very combination “Great Helmsman” is of Christian origin, like many other epithets and slogans of Soviet propaganda. The outdated Russian word “helmsman” means a person sitting at the stern of a ship, in other words, a helmsman. Thus, the epithet in relation to Stalin meant nothing more than “standing at the helm of the country.” Later, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, began to be called this, and, as a rule, this epithet is associated with him today.

Stalin - Father of Nations

Perhaps the most famous of the epithets applied to Stalin appeared long before the emergence of the USSR and is of Western European origin. The kings of France, such as Louis XIII or Henry IV, were called “Fathers of Nations.” This nickname was assigned to Stalin thanks to Soviet publicists from the mid-1930s. It is noteworthy that it was this image that was reinforced by the public appearances of the head of state: from 1935, photographs depicting Stalin with small children and sometimes their parents from different parts of the Soviet Union began to regularly appear in newspapers. Thus, he figuratively became the “father” of children with very different national roots.

From Stalin's biography it is clear that he was an ambiguous, but bright and strong personality.

Joseph Dzhugashvili was born on December 6 (18), 1878, in the city of Gori, into a simple poor family. His father, Vissarion Ivanovich, was a shoemaker by profession. Mother , Ekaterina Georgievna, worked as a charwoman.

In 1888, Joseph became a student at the Gori Orthodox Theological School. Six years later he was enrolled in a seminary in Tiflis. As a student, Dzhugashvili became acquainted with the basics of Marxism and soon became close to underground revolutionaries.

In the 5th year of his studies, he was expelled from the seminary. The certificate issued to him stated that he could apply for a position as a teacher in a public school.

Life before the revolution

Anyone who is interested in a brief biography of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin , You should know that before the revolution he served in the newspaper Pravda and was one of its most prominent employees. During his activities, Dzhugashvili was persecuted by the authorities more than once.

The work “Marxism and the National Question” gave weight to the future Generalissimo in Marxist society. After this, V.I. Lenin began to entrust him with the solution of many important issues.

During the civil war, Stalin proved himself to be an excellent military organizer. On November 29, 1922, he, along with Lenin, Sverdlov and Trotsky, entered the Bureau of the Central Committee.

When Lenin, due to illness, withdrew from political activity, Stalin, together with Kamenev and Zinoviev, organized the “troika”, which was in opposition to L. Trotsky. In the same year he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee.

Against the backdrop of a difficult political struggle, at the XIII Congress of the RCP, Stalin announced that he wanted to resign. He was retained as Secretary General by a majority vote.

Having gained a foothold in power, Stalin began to pursue a policy of collectivization. Under him, heavy industry began to actively develop. Against the backdrop of the formation of collective farms and other changes, a policy of severe terror was pursued.

Role in WWII

According to some historians, Stalin was to blame for the USSR's poor preparation for war. He is also blamed for huge losses. It is believed that he ignored intelligence reports about an imminent attack by Nazi Germany, even though he was told the exact date.

At the very beginning of the Second World War, Stalin showed himself to be a bad strategist. He made illogical, incompetent decisions. According to G. K Zhukov, the situation changed after the Battle of Stalingrad, when a turning point occurred in the war.

In 1943, Stalin decided to create an atomic bomb. In February 1945, He took part in the Yalta Conference, at which a new world order was established.

Personal life

Stalin was married twice. The first wife was E. Svanidze, the second was N. Alliluyeva. He had three children of his own and an adopted son, A.F. Sergeev.

The fate of his second wife and his own sons was tragic. The daughter of Joseph Vissarionovich, Svetlana, spent her entire life in exile.

According to A.F. Sergeev, at home Stalin was good-natured, affectionate, and joked a lot and often.

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