Light and shadow by Arkhip Kuindzhi. The artist Orlovsky reveals the “secret” of Kuindzhi Light and shadow

True creativity inspires and elevates a person, transporting him to the Worlds of higher reality. "Through art you have Light." (Faces of Agni Yoga. Vol. 13, 332)

Each great master, introducing the viewer to Beauty, puts certain ideas into his works, creates certain forms in which he dresses these ideas.

What did Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi saturate his canvases with, what do his landscapes “say”? Looking at the artist’s paintings, even a superficial viewer feels the unusualness of the light depicted in them. “Kuindzhi is an artist of light,” wrote Ilya Efimovich Repin in “Memoirs.” “Light is charm, and the power of light, and its illusion were his goal. Of course, the whole essence of this phenomenon lay in Kuindzhi himself, in his phenomenality, personal innate originality He listened only to his genius - the demon...”

The charm of light, together with the beauty and harmony of the composition, often conveying a landscape generalized to universal greatness, gives each Kuindzhi painting a special magnetism. Its origins always lie in those areas where inspiration takes the creator in the process of the creative act. And the higher the creative thought of the artist, the stronger and purer the fire of his heart, the more significant the fruits of his creativity.

“Why are great works of art so valued by people and do not die? Because they contain crystals of Light, placed in them by the hands of the creator of this work. The fiery spirit of an artist, sculptor, poet, composer, in the process of his creativity, saturates with the elements of Light that which he creates. And since the elements of Light are not subject to the usual destruction by time or oblivion, the life span of great works of art goes far beyond the life of ordinary things and objects."

It should be said that not only Kuindzhi’s creative genius, but also his character traits had great strength and attractiveness. It is a rare artist, not wanting to “churn out masterpieces,” who will refuse to display his works at the apogee of fame, as Kuindzhi did. Not every master can be as authoritative for his students as Arkhip Ivanovich was, who created a whole galaxy of truly original artists.

One of his students, Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, characterized the grandiose personality of his teacher and his extraordinary life path as follows:

"All of cultural Russia knew Kuindzhi. Even attacks made this name even more significant. They know about Kuindzhi - about a great, original artist. They know how, after unprecedented success, he stopped exhibiting; he worked for himself. They know him as a friend of youth and a sad man for the disadvantaged. They know him as a glorious dreamer in an effort to embrace the great and reconcile everyone, who gave away his entire million-dollar fortune. They know what personal hardships this fortune was made up of. They know him as a decisive intercessor for everything in which he was confident and of the honesty of which he was convinced. They know him as a strict critic; and in the depths of his often harsh judgments there was a sincere desire for the success of everything worthy. They remember his loud speech and bold arguments, which sometimes made those around him turn pale.

...There has always been a lot of mystery around the name Kuindzhi. I believed in the special power of this man."

The period of artistic formation of Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi is surrounded by legends. Actually, the year of his birth is not unconditionally established (1840, 1841 or 1842). He was born in Mariupol into a poor Greek family, either a peasant or a shoemaker. The surname "Kuindzhi", meaning "goldsmith", began to appear in documents only in 1857.

Orphaned early, the boy lived with relatives, worked for strangers: he was a servant for a grain merchant, served for a contractor, worked as a retoucher for a photographer. Kuindzhi received the basics of literacy from a Greek teacher he knew, and then studied at a city school. His love for drawing manifested itself in childhood; he drew wherever he could - on the walls of houses, fences, scraps of paper. According to later documents, Kuindzhi was listed as a “student of Aivazovsky’s school”; the fact of his stay in Feodosia was established, but it is difficult to say whether he studied with the marine painter himself or with one of his students.

In the early sixties we find Kuindzhi in St. Petersburg, where he apparently attends the Academy of Arts as a volunteer student. There is a certificate issued to “a student of Professor Aivazovsky’s school, Arkhip Kuindzhi, that for his good knowledge of landscape painting, the Academy Council ... recognized him as worthy of the title of free artist.” This document confirms the obvious influence of Aivazovsky on Kuindzhi’s first works (“Storm on the Black Sea”, “Fisherman’s Hut on the Shore of the Sea of ​​Azov”).

In 1868, the artist took part in an academic exhibition. He presented the paintings "Tatar Village by Moonlight", "Storm on the Black Sea", "St. Isaac's Cathedral by Moonlight", for which he received the title of non-class artist. Plunging into the atmosphere of artistic life, he becomes friends with I.E. Repin and V.M. Vasnetsov, meets I.N. Kramskoy - the ideologist of advanced Russian artists. The lyricism of Savrasov’s landscapes, the poetic perception of nature in Vasiliev’s paintings, the epic nature of Shishkin’s canvases - everything opens up to the attentive gaze of the young artist.

Kuindzhi A.I. Autumn thaw

Kuindzhi is also close to the realistic orientation characteristic of the paintings of the Itinerant artists. A striking example of this is the painting “Autumn Thrush” created by him in 1872. In it, the artist not only conveyed a cold autumn day, a washed-out road with dimly shining puddles - he introduced into the landscape a lonely figure of a woman with a child, who is walking with difficulty through the mud. The autumn landscape, permeated with dampness and darkness, becomes a sad story about ordinary Russian people, about a dreary, joyless life.

Kuindzhi A.I.
Ladoga lake

Kuindzhi spent the summer of 1872 on Lake Ladoga, on the island of Valaam. As a result, the following paintings appeared: “Lake Ladoga” (1872), “On the Island of Valaam” (1873). Slowly, calmly, the artist in his paintings tells a story about the nature of the island, with its granite shores washed by channels, with dark dense forests and fallen trees. The last of these paintings can be compared with the epic epic, a picturesque legend about the mighty northern side. The silvery-bluish tone of the painting gives it a special emotional elation. After the 1873 exhibition at which this work was shown, Kuindzhi was talked about in the press, noting his original and great talent.

The painting “On the Island of Valaam” was acquired by Tretyakov. The sale of paintings gave the artist the opportunity to make a short trip to Europe. It is noteworthy that, having traveled half of Europe and visited its “art capital” - Paris, Kuindzhi said that he did not find anything interesting there and that he needed to work in Russia.

Kuindzhi A.I. On the island of Valaam

Kuindzhi A.I. Forgotten Village

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Kuindzhi settled on Vasilyevsky Island opposite the artist Kramskoy’s apartment. Unexpectedly for himself, Kramskoy discovers in Arkhip Ivanovich an original philosopher and a remarkable politician. The artist’s aspiration for realism, directly related to democratic views on life, manifested itself in the next large painting, “The Forgotten Village” (1874), which in its sharp social resonance and the merciless truth of showing the post-reform Russian village echoed the paintings of the Wanderers.

The following year, Kuindzhi exhibited three paintings: “The Chumatsky Highway in Mariupol”, “Steppe in Bloom” and “Steppe in the Evening”. In the painting “Chumatsky Trakt” the artist depicted an endless stream of convoys slowly moving on a gloomy day across the autumn steppe. The feeling of cold and dampness is enhanced by the color scheme of the canvas. “Steppe in the Evening” and “Steppe in Bloom” are completely different in mood. The artist affirmed the beauty of nature in them and admired the life-giving power of the sun's heat. With these works, in essence, a new stage in the work of a fully established artist begins.

Kuindzhi A.I. Chumatsky tract in Mariupol

Kuindzhi A.I. Steppe in bloom

By the mid-70s, Kuindzhi had become so popular that it seemed impossible to imagine traveling exhibitions without his works. In 1875 he was accepted as a member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.

“The Chumatsky Trakt” is the third painting acquired by Tretyakov. The funds that have appeared again allow Kuindzhi to travel abroad, this time together with Repin. And again Kuindzhi did not find there what he was striving for in search of his own artistic vision.

After returning from abroad, Kuindzhi married Vera Leontievna Ketcherdzhi from Mariupol. The young people settled in St. Petersburg. They went on their honeymoon to the island of Valaam. Autumn bad weather disturbed the waters of Lake Ladoga, and the steamer on which the newlyweds were traveling began to sink. Kuindzhi escaped with great difficulty on the boat, but the sketches and preparations for future paintings were all lost.

In 1876, at the Fifth Traveling Exhibition, Kuindzhi presented a wonderful painting - “Ukrainian Night”. The newspaper "Russian Vedomosti" wrote that there was always a crowd standing near the painting; there was no end to the delight. Critics noted: “News and an effect of unprecedented power... In the illusion of moonlight, Kuindzhi went further than anyone, even Aivazovsky.” The painting marked the beginning of Kuindzhi’s romantic view of the world.

Kuindzhi A.I. Ukrainian night

Kuindzhi A.I. Evening

Almost all the artists greeted the painting with distrust, wariness and denial. She was not understood even by Kramskoy. His two canvases, painted in 1978, “Sunset in the Forest” and “Evening,” are also not understood or accepted. This is what the subtle and sensitive Kramskoy wrote: “... there is something in his principles about color that is completely inaccessible to me; perhaps this is a completely new pictorial principle... I can also understand and even admire his “Forest” as something feverish , some kind of terrible dream, but its setting sun on the huts is decidedly beyond my understanding. I am a complete fool in front of this picture. I see that the very light on the white hut is so true that it is as tiring for my eye to look at it as at a living reality; after 5 minutes it hurts in my eye, I turn away, close my eyes and don’t want to look anymore. Is this really an artistic impression? In short, I don’t quite understand Kuindzhi."

Now newspapers are full of Kuindzhi’s name. Not a single critic can escape him. The public flocks to his works. They argue about the solar spectrum, about the laws of optics, about the scientific approach to issues of light. The Academy of Arts was forced to recognize the unprecedented success. Kuindzhi was nominated for the title of academician, but as a result received only the title of artist of the 1st degree.

At the Seventh Exhibition of the Itinerants in 1879, Kuindzhi presented three landscapes: “North”, “After the Storm”, “Birch Grove”. Different in motives, they are united by a great poetic feeling. The painting "North" continued the series of northern landscapes begun by "Lake Ladoga". This canvas is a generalized poetic image of the North, the result of thoughts and thoughts about the majestic and harsh nature. There are no bright lighting effects in the picture. The sky, high and exciting, as always with Kuindzhi, occupies more than half of the canvas. Lonely pine trees point towards the sky. A clear preference is given to the sky, the brush stroke here is dynamic and intermittent. The foreground is written in a sketchy, drawn-out stroke. The film "North" completed the trilogy, conceived back in 1872, and was the last of this series. For many years afterwards, Kuindzhi devoted his talent to praising the nature of southern and central Russia.

Kuindzhi A.I. North

Kuindzhi A.I. Birch Grove

The landscape “After the Storm” is full of life, movement, and a feeling of freshness of rain-washed nature. But the greatest success at the exhibition fell to the painting “Birch Grove”. Crowds of people stood around this painting for hours. It seemed as if the sun itself had penetrated into the exhibition hall, illuminating the green meadow, playing on the white trunks of birches and on the branches of mighty trees. While working on the painting, Kuindzhi looked first of all for the most expressive composition. From sketch to sketch, the location of the trees and the size of the clearing were refined. There is nothing random in the final version, “copied” from nature. The foreground is immersed in shadow - this emphasizes the sonority and saturation of the sun of the green meadow. The artist managed, avoiding theatricality, to create a decorative picture in the best sense of the word.

Kuindzhi A.I. Moonlight night
on the Dnieper

In 1880, an extraordinary exhibition was opened in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Morskaya (now Herzen Street): one painting was shown - “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper”. She caused a storm of delight. There was a huge queue at the entrance to the exhibition.

“Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” was written by Kuindzhi after leaving the Association of Itinerants. A small, limited-size canvas seems to open a window onto the world, into the solemn beauty and depth of the southern night sky. The greenish ribbon of a quiet river almost merges at the horizon with a dark sky covered with light clouds. The phosphorescent glow of the moon attracts you, as does the overall magical, magnetic mood of the picture.

Envy caused by Kuindzhi's unprecedented triumph led to persecution of the artist and the spread of ridiculous rumors and jokes. Chistyakov wrote to Tretyakov: “All landscape painters say that the Kuindzhi effect is a simple matter, but they themselves cannot do it...”.

“The Kuindzhi Effect” is nothing more than the result of the artist’s enormous work and long searches. Through persistent, persistent work, Kuindzhi achieved masterful mastery of color and that compositional simplicity that distinguishes his best works. His workshop was a researcher's laboratory. He experimented a lot, studied the laws of action of complementary colors, looking for the right tone, and compared it with color relationships in nature itself. This was facilitated by his communication with university physics professor F.F. Petrushevsky, who studied the problems of color science, which he summarized in the book “Light and color in themselves and in relation to painting.”

Obviously, issues of color and light perception were also discussed by Kuindzhi and D.I. Mendeleev, a good friend of the artist. They say that one day D.I. Mendeleev gathered the Peredvizhniki artists in his physics office on the university yard and tried a device to measure the sensitivity of the eye to the subtle nuances of tones; Kuindzhi broke the sensitivity record to perfect accuracy! But the main thing, of course, was the general genius of nature and extraordinary efficiency in writing. “Oh, how vividly I remember him during this process!” Repin exclaimed. “A stocky figure with a huge head, Absalom’s hair and the charming eyes of a bull... Again the sharpest beam of hair-eyed eyes on the canvas; again a long consideration and check from a distance; again lowered to palette of the eye; again even more careful mixing of paint and again heavy steps towards a simple easel..." .

Kuindzhi A.I. Dnieper in the morning

In 1881, Kuindzhi created the painting “Dnieper in the Morning.” There is no play of light or bright decorativeness in it; it attracts with its calm majesty, inner power, and powerful force of nature. An amazingly subtle combination of pure golden-pink, lilac, silver and greenish-gray tones allows you to convey the charm of flowering grasses, endless distances, and early steppe mornings.

The 1882 exhibition was the last for the artist. There followed many years of silence. Friends did not understand the reasons and were worried. Kuindzhi himself explained this: “... An artist needs to perform at exhibitions while he, as a singer, has a voice. And as soon as his voice subsides, he must leave, not show himself, so as not to be ridiculed. So I became Arkhip Ivanovich, known to everyone , well, that’s good, but then I saw that I couldn’t do that again, that my voice seemed to begin to subside. Well, they’ll say: Kuindzhi was there, and Kuindzhi was gone! So I don’t want that, but for Kuindzhi to remain alone forever ".

Compared to the decade of active participation in exhibitions, over the remaining thirty years Kuindzhi created relatively few significant paintings. According to the recollections of the artist’s friends, in the early 1900s, Kuindzhi invited them to his studio and showed them the paintings “Evening in Ukraine”, “Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane”, “Dnieper” and “Birch Grove”, which they were delighted with. But Kuindzhi was dissatisfied with these works and did not submit them to the exhibition. “Night” - one of the latest works makes one remember Kuindzhi’s best paintings from the heyday of his talent. He also feels a poetic attitude towards nature, a desire to glorify its majestic and solemn beauty.

Kuindzhi A.I. Christ
in the Garden of Gethsemane

Kuindzhi A.I. Birch Grove

Kuindzhi A.I. Night

During the “reclusive” period of his activity, Kuindzhi did not abandon the search for the artistic embodiment of his worldview. Numerous sketches are characterized by his general creative approach to painting - “thinking through”, “completing” what he sees or writes, often from memory. And although the impression of reality is not lost, the deliberate “carpet” and “applique” show the abstractness of the landscape. The images of nature in Kuindzhi’s paintings of this period are full of contemplation, silence, and peace.

Works from this time are often undated. They can be divided into several groups. A number of paintings vary the motif of spots of moonlight or sunlight in a winter forest (“Sun spots on frost”). In others, the fog effect takes center stage. This is a kind of rethinking of the experience of impressionism - the painting is thicker, more dense, with a certain amount of decorativeness. Kuindzhi works with a generalized color spot, sometimes with forced color (the “Sunsets” series and, as an example, the “Sunset Effect” canvas).

Kuindzhi A.I. Solar
spots on frost

Kuindzhi A.I. Sunset effect

The appearance of nature in the artist’s works is devoid of everyday life; there is something solemn and somewhat theatrical in it, even when the landscape motif is completely classical (“Oaks”). This is especially true for the “mountains” series. It seems to be the personification of the greatness of nature, its mystery and incomprehensibility. Most of the mountain landscapes are made from memory, but have a rare authenticity created by purely conventional means - exaggerated contrasts of light and color, generalization of shapes and silhouettes ("Elbrus in the evening", "Daryal Gorge").

Kuindzhi A.I. Elbrus in the evening

Kuindzhi A.I. Daryal Gorge

In the last two decades of his life, Kuindzhi became very interested in the sky and the colorful richness of sunsets. Along with this, from his very first visit to the Caucasus in 1888, he became an ardent admirer of mountain landscapes. The radiance of snowy peaks, painted with a mysterious light, the monumentality of heavy mountain ranges are contrasted with the petty vanity of life. Perhaps thanks to Kuindzhi and N.K. Roerich began to perceive mountains as a living breath of the forces of nature.

Kuindzhi A.I. Sunset in the steppe
by the sea

Kuindzhi A.I. Red sunset

Kuindzhi A.I. Ai-Petri. Crimea

Kuindzhi A.I. Fog in the mountains. Caucasus

Kuindzhi A.I. Snowy peaks

In 1889, Arkhip Ivanovich’s voluntary seclusion was broken - he became a professor at the Academy of Arts. This happened thanks to the arrival of more progressive figures to the leadership of the Academy. When updating the teaching staff, they focused on the artists of the most viable association of that time - the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.

The Peredvizhniki artists spoke out for a radical renewal of the Academy, but when they were offered to become teachers in various workshops, many refused. The teachers of the Academy were I. Repin, A. Kuindzhi, V. Vasnetsov, V. Makovsky, I. Shishkin, Polenov, .

This event played a huge role in Kuindzhi’s life, giving the opportunity to demonstrate his pedagogical talent. The magnetism of Arkhip Ivanovich’s personality and his teaching talent attracted students to him. Friends and teachers at the Academy of Arts began to take offense at Kuindzhi because their students literally ran to his workshop. Because of this, Arkhip Ivanovich lost one of his best friends, the artist Shishkin.

“Kuindzhi himself knew the whole hardship of the struggle for the truth. Envy wove the most ridiculous legends about him. It got to the point that envious people whispered that Kuindzhi was not an artist at all, but a shepherd who killed an artist in the Crimea and took possession of his paintings. This is how far the snake of slander has crawled Dark people could not digest the fame of Kuindzhi when an article about his “Ukrainian Night” began with the words: “Kuindzhi - from now on this name is famous.” People such as Turgenev, Mendeleev, Dostoevsky, Suvorin, Petrushevsky wrote about Kuindzhi and were friends with him. .. These names alone already sharpened the language of slander... But Kuindzhi was a fighter, he was not afraid to speak out for students, for the young, and his stern, truthful judgments on the academy council were menacing thunder against all injustices. A unique way of expression, expressive brevity and power the voices were forever etched in the memory of those who listened to his speech."

In teaching, as well as in painting, Kuindzhi was an innovator in the full sense of the word. Innovations concerned both the work methodology and its organization itself. For example, on Fridays from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., anyone who wanted to get advice on landscape painting could come to his studio. These days he gave advice and lectured to more than 200 students.

Unlike other Academy professors, he was not a “master” who treated his students condescendingly. He wanted to see his workshop as a single family, united by a common interest in art. He dreamed of comradely and spiritual unity. Bogaevsky, Vroblevsky, Zarubin, Khimona, Kalmykova, Rylov, Borisov, Wagner, Mankovsky, Chumakov worked in his workshop. Arkhip Ivanovich taught painting to N.K. Roerich. What is most striking about Kuindzhi’s students is their worldly toughness, understanding of living conditions, great capacity for work, love of art, devotion to the teacher, and truly friendly relations with each other.

“And among themselves, Kuindzhi’s students remained in a special, inextricable relationship. The teacher managed not only to equip them for creativity and struggle in life, but also to unite them in a common service to art and humanity.” (Nicholas Roerich. Kuindzhi’s Workshop).

Kuindzhi taught to create, and not to be tied to a certain area and “photograph” it with the help of brushes and paints. The basis of creativity, he believed, should be the knowledge of nature, which is mastered in sketch work. The creation of the sketch was supposed to facilitate a preliminary understanding of what the artist saw in front of him. But Kuindzhi forbade the direct use of the sketch as part of the painting, where it is mechanically transferred.

Much of the training was based on an individual approach. The teacher did not restrict the students' independence. He did not force those who came to him from other workshops to change their previously acquired skills in painting. A free creative atmosphere reigned in his workshop. The students argued and sometimes disagreed with the leader.

Concern for students extended beyond the workshop. Arkhip Ivanovich was very attentive to both the personal lives of his students and their living conditions. In 1895, he provided his students with money and sent them to sketch on his Crimean estate, where he set up a kind of “academic dacha.”

In 1897, “for participating in a student strike,” Kuindzhi was placed under house arrest for two days and removed from his professorship. The real reasons for his resignation were the attitude of the Academy’s management towards him, which Arkhip Ivanovich irritated with his independent behavior, democratic attitude towards students and wide popularity among students.

After leaving the Academy, the artist continued to give private lessons and helped prepare competition works. Moreover, in the spring of 1898, Kuindzhi, at his own expense, took thirteen of his students abroad to expand their knowledge and improve their skills. Later, he unites his students on other grounds that he can imagine: these are the so-called “Mussard Mondays”, these are competitions named after. Kuindzhi, and since 1908 - the Society named after. Kuindzhi.

Kuindzhi’s dream of an artistic association, where the artist would feel independent from power and official institutions, came true with the creation of the Society of Artists in 1908. There he intended to invest the bulk of his capital in order to provide not only moral, but also material support to artists. The construction of exhibition premises was also envisaged. It was decided to give the Society his name as a sign of Arkhip Ivanovich’s merits. To his brainchild - the Society named after. Kuindzhi - Arkhip Ivanovich bequeathed all his paintings, estates in Crimea and half a million capital.

Society named after Kuindzhi existed until 1931. Meetings, exhibitions, and evenings were held in an apartment at 17 Gogol Street, the walls of which were decorated with paintings by Kuindzhi. Outstanding artists such as Chaliapin, Sobinov, Medea Figner gave concerts here.

One of Arkhip Ivanovich’s most beloved students was N.K. Roerich. S.P. Yaremich wrote: “We find a perfect example that embodies Kuindzhi’s ideal in the personality of Roerich. He is undoubtedly the strongest and most complete of all Kuindzhi’s students.”

Roerich carried his love for Kuindzhi throughout his life. “Teacher with a capital T,” that’s what he called Arkhip Ivanovich. And with what love I wrote about him!

"...The powerful Kuindzhi was not only a great artist, but was also a great Teacher of life. His private life was unusual, secluded, and only his closest students knew the depths of his soul. At exactly noon he ascended to the roof of his house, and, as As soon as the midday fortress cannon thundered, thousands of birds gathered around him. He fed them from his hands, these countless friends of his: pigeons, sparrows, crows, jackdaws, swallows. It seemed that all the birds of the capital flocked to him and covered his shoulders, arms and head . He told me: "Come closer, I will tell them not to be afraid of you." The sight of this gray-haired and smiling man, covered with chirping birds, was unforgettable; it will remain among the most cherished memories. Before us was one of the wonders of nature; we witnessed , how small birds sat next to the crows and they did not harm their smaller brothers.

One of Kuindzhi's usual joys was helping the poor without them knowing where the good deed came from. His whole life was unique. A simple Crimean shepherd boy, he became one of our most famous artists solely thanks to his talent. And that same smile that fed the birds made him the owner of three large houses. Needless to say, of course, he bequeathed all his wealth to the people for artistic purposes."

Roerich outlines the portrait of his teacher with light strokes, but even from these brief notes many amazing features of his personality become clear.

“I remember how he received me into his workshop. I remember him waking me up at two o’clock in the morning to warn of danger. I remember him embarrassedly giving money to give to various poor people and old people. I remember his swift returns to give advice that He, having already dropped from six floors, made up his mind. I remember his quick visits to see if his harsh criticism was too upsetting. I remember his correct judgments about the people he met.

He knew much more about many things than they could have imagined. From two or three facts, with the sensitivity of a true creator, he determined integral propositions. “I speak not as it is, but as it will be.” I remember his sweet, forgiving word: “Poor them!” And for many people he could establish an angle of understanding and forgiveness. Quiet, long conversations in private will be most remembered by Arkhip Ivanovich’s students.”

The teacher's care for his students and his love for them was evident until the last days of Kuindzhi's life. Before his death, Kuindzhi passionately wanted to see all his students.

"Good people die hard." This is what the people believe. Amid the painful suffocation of Arkhip Ivanovich, this sign was remembered. Popular wisdom indicated that a good, great man died."

LITERATURE

1. Repin I.E. Far close.
2. Facets of Agni Yoga. 1972 T.13.
3. Roerich N.K. Kuindzhi.
4. Stasov V.V. Selected articles about Russian painting.
5. Roerich N.K. Kuindzhi's workshop.
6. Novouspensky N.N. Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi.
7. Zimenko V. Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi.
8. Manin V. Kuindzhi.

, Saint Petersburg

For over 30 years, the great Russian scientist was connected by bonds of friendship with the wonderful landscape artist A. I. Kuindzhi, a native of our city.

D. I. Mendeleev plays chess with A. I. Kuindzhi

Their acquaintance apparently took place in the mid-70s, when the name Kuindzhi began to become increasingly famous. Dmitry Ivanovich loved painting and was a keen expert and connoisseur of it. He did not miss a single significant opening day, made acquaintances with artists, and visited their workshops. He became so interested in painting that he began buying paintings and amassed a significant collection. His knowledge in this area was so serious that Mendeleev was subsequently elected a full member of the Academy of Arts.

In the history of Russian culture, Mendeleev’s “environments” are widely known, where the creative intelligentsia of the capital, the flower of Russian culture, gathered. Almost all the Itinerants visited here: Kramskoy, Repin, Kuindzhi, Yaroshenko, Vasnetsov, Shishkin. Kuindzhi also met Mendeleev at Kirill Vikentievich Lemokh, who since the 80s became perhaps Arkhip Ivanovich’s closest friend among artists. Mendeleev’s eldest son from his first marriage, Vladimir, a naval officer, who in the last century drew up a project for the “Azov dam,” that is, blocking the Kerch Strait with a dam, which, according to the author of the project, would change for the better the fate of the Sea of ​​Azov in general, was married to Lemokh’s daughter. and Mariupol in particular. Both Kuindzhi and Mendeleev regularly attended Lemokh’s “Tuesdays,” which brought together the Itinerants, professors of the Academy of Arts and people from the world of scientists.

Dmitry Ivanovich was well acquainted with all the Wanderers, but he established especially close and friendly relations with three: Kuindzhi, Yaroshenko and Repin. He had the closest friendship with the first of them.

Having an excellent understanding of painting, Mendeleev nevertheless never spoke in print on this topic. He made the only exception to this rule for Kuindzhi, when his “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” appeared. The delight caused by this masterpiece of Russian painting was so great that Dmitry Ivanovich wrote an article about it.

Mendeleev was, of course, among those who saw “Night on the Dnieper” in daylight, that is, in the artist’s apartment. And many times. He brought to Kuindzhi’s house a young student of the Academy of Arts, A.I. Popova, who soon became the wife of Dmitry Ivanovich. (I will note in parentheses: Anna Ivanovna outlived her husband by 35 years. She died in 1942. I dare say - in besieged Leningrad from hunger. If this is so, the wives of both friends suffered a similar fate - death from hunger. In the same city . Only with a difference of 21 years),

In his memoirs “Mendeleev in Life”, an excerpt from which we have included in this collection. Anna Ivanovna painted the following portrait of the artist: “The door swung open and Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi himself appeared. In front of us stood a man of small stature, but large, thick-set, broad-shouldered; his large beautiful head, with a black cap of long wavy hair and a curly beard, with brown sparkling eyes, resembled the head of Zeus. He was dressed completely at home, in a worn gray jacket, from which he seemed to have grown out of. ...We sat for a long time in front of the painting, listening to Dmitry Ivanovich, who spoke about the landscape in general.”

These considerations formed the basis of the aforementioned article “Before Kuindzhi’s painting,” in which the great chemist noted, in particular, the existing connection between art and science. Apparently, not without the influence of Mendeleev, Kuindzhi already in the second half of the 70s became convinced that it was necessary to use new chemical and physical discoveries to perfect pictorial effects. A genius without a systematic education, Arkhip Ivanovich began studying the interaction of light and colors, which he obtained by intuitive mixing, as well as the properties of colorful pigments. He realized that the amazing colors he obtained by intuitively mixing paints could be unstable and fade over time. And the artist persistently searched in science for a means to achieve a durable combination of colors.

Mendeleev introduced Kuindzhi (like many Itinerants) into the circle of scientists, introduced him to the outstanding physicist, professor at St. Petersburg University Fyodor Fomich Petrushevsky. Among other things, this scientist was engaged, in short, in the scientific development of painting technology. This is what Ilya Efimovich Repin writes in his memoirs: “In a large physics room on the university courtyard, we, the Perdvizhniki artists, gathered in the company of D. I. Mendeleev and F. F. Petrushevsky to study under their leadership the properties of different paints. There is a device that measures the sensitivity of the eye to subtle nuances of tones. Kuindzhi broke the record in sensitivity to ideal subtleties, and some of his comrades had this sensitivity that was laughably crude.”

“During the years of silence,” Kuindzhi’s friendship with the great scientist became even closer. “We knew everything that happened to him,” A.I. Mendeleeva writes in her memoirs, “his thoughts, plans. In addition to “Wednesdays,” Arkhip Ivanovich came in on other days, and when he experienced something, then several times a day. He often played chess with Dmitry Ivanovich. I loved watching their nervous, always interesting play, but I loved it even more when they left chess for conversation.”

They talked about many things, but most of all, of course, about art, the questions of which were no less close to Mendeleev than the problems of science. Dmitry Ivanovich enthusiastically outlined grandiose plans for the economic reconstruction of Russia and, like a poet, dreamed of a happy future.

Arkhip Ivanovich was also an original interlocutor. Contemporaries recall that his speech was not very coherent and smooth, but no matter what he talked about, he knew how to find a new side to a matter or issue. The solutions he proposed were always simple and practical. His views on art and authors often surprised him with their originality and accuracy. They always reflected, on the one hand, a kind of unfamiliarity with what others thought and said about it, and on the other, the ability to look at things from an unexpected angle.

On November 4, 1901, after a break of almost twenty years, Arkhip Ivanovich opened the doors of his workshop to a small group of people, among them, of course, primarily Dmitry Ivanovich and Anna Ivanovna Mendeleev.

The paintings made a great impression. The writer I. Yasinsky, who was present, says in his memoirs that when Kuindzhi showed the painting “Dnieper,” Mendeleev coughed. Arkhip Ivanovich asked him:

Why are you coughing like that, Dmitry Ivanovich?

I’ve been coughing for sixty-eight years, it’s nothing, but this is the first time I’ve seen a picture like this.

The new version of “Birch Grove” also caused general delight.

What's the secret, Arkhip Ivanovich? - Mendeleev began the conversation again.

There is no secret, Dmitry Ivanovich,” Kuindzhi said, laughing, holding the picture closed.

“I have many secrets in my soul,” Mendeleev concluded, “but I don’t know your secret...

“Our friendship with Kuindzhi,” writes A.I. Mendeleeva, “continued until the end of Arkhip Ivanovich’s life.” This means that even after the death of the great scientist, “Arkhip Ivanovich outlived his friend by three years,” the Kuindzhi and Mendeleev families continued to be friends at home.

2. In 1880, the artist staged an extraordinary exhibition in the hall of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. People stood in line for hours to get into the hall, where only one painting was shown in a dark hall - “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper.”
There were rumors that it was painted with magical lunar paints, which Mendeleev himself invented. The impression of the flickering moonlight was so incredible that some viewers looked behind the painting to see if the canvas was illuminated by a lamp, while others stated that phosphorus was mixed into the paints.
The mystery of the “luminous” paintings was not in the special composition of the colors. The colors were ordinary, the painting technique was unusual...
The effect was achieved through multi-layered painting, light and color contrast, thereby deepening the space, and less dark strokes in illuminated areas created a feeling of vibrating light. He contrasted the warm reddish tone of the earth with cold silvery shades.

In the summer and autumn of 1880 A.I. Kuindzhi worked on this painting. Rumors spread throughout the Russian capital about the enchanting beauty of “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper.”
For two hours on Sundays, the artist opened the doors of his studio to those interested, and the St. Petersburg public began to besiege her long before the completion of the work.
The picture gained truly legendary fame. I.S. Turgenev and Ya. Polonsky, I. Kramskoy and P. Chistyakov, D.I. Mendelev came to the workshop of A.I. Kuindzhi, and the famous publisher and collector K.T. Soldatenkov had an eye on the painting. Directly from the workshop, even before the exhibition, “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” was bought by Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich for huge money.


He had been working towards this picture for a long time. I went to the Dnieper, perhaps, precisely for this story. For days, weeks, Kuindzhi almost did not leave the workshop. The work engrossed him so much that even as a recluse, his wife brought him lunch upstairs. The intended picture, shimmering and alive, stood before the artist’s eyes.
The memories of Kuindzhi’s wife are interesting: “Kuindzhi woke up at night. The thought was like an insight: “What if... “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” was shown in a dark room?!” He jumped up, lit a kerosene lamp and, shuffling with slippers, ran up the stairs to workshop. There he lit another lamp, placed them both on the floor at the edges of the picture. The effect was striking: the space in the picture expanded, the moon was shining surrounded by a flickering radiance, the Dnieper played with its reflection. Everything was like in life, but more beautiful, more sublime. Arkhip Ivanovich placed a chair at the right distance, as he believed, he sat down, leaned back and looked and looked until it was dawn outside the huge window. Amazed by the effect he found, he knew that he had to show “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” in a dark hall, alone..."
The painting was exhibited on Bolshaya Morskaya Street in St. Petersburg. The artist’s performance with a personal exhibition, and even consisting of only one small painting, was an unusual event. Moreover, this picture did not interpret some unusual historical plot, but was a landscape of a very modest size (105 x 144). Knowing that the effect of moonlight would be fully manifested under artificial lighting, the artist ordered the windows in the hall to be draped and the painting illuminated with a beam of electric light focused on it. Visitors entered the dimly lit hall and, as if enchanted, stood before the cold glow of moonlight.
A.I. Kuindzhi focused his efforts on the illusory transfer of the real lighting effect, on the search for such a composition of the picture that would allow the most convincing expression of the feeling of broad spatiality. And he coped with these tasks brilliantly. In addition, the artist beat everyone in distinguishing the slightest changes in color and light relationships.
Kuindzhi used the property of warm colors to ignite from lamp light, and of cold colors to be absorbed by it. The effect of such exposure was extraordinary. I.N. Kramskoy exclaimed: “What a storm of enthusiasm Kuindzhi raised!.. Such a charming fellow.”
Kuindzhi's success gave rise to imitators of his bright, intense painting, his amazingly constructed space with a striking illusion of depth. Among the imitators generated by the “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” effect, this is primarily L.F. Lagorio, who wrote “Moonlit Night on the Neva” in 1882, then Klodt, Yu.Yu.Klever...
Kuindzhi’s unprecedented triumph gave rise to envious people who spread ridiculous rumors about the artist. The atmosphere of envy was captured by P.P. Chistyakov: “All landscape painters say that the Kuindzhi effect is a simple matter, but they themselves cannot do it.”

"D.I. Mendeleev and A.I. Kuindzhi"

"Moonlit Night on the Dnieper"(1880) - one of the most famous paintings Arkhip Kuindzhi. This work created a real sensation and acquired mystical fame. Many did not believe that the light of the moon could be conveyed in this way only through artistic means, and they looked behind the canvas, looking for a lamp there. Many stood silently for hours in front of the painting, and then left in tears. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich bought “Moonlit Night” for his personal collection and took it with him everywhere, which had tragic consequences.

Kuindzhi drove his contemporaries crazy with the secrets of his craft. There were even rumors that he sold his soul to the devil for them.

He actually used technical secrets. First, bitumen paints:

Asphalt paint is made from asphalt and belongs to oil paints. Due to its beautiful brown color, perfect transparency and ease of application, it is used mainly for glazing. This paint easily mixes with other paints, with the exception of white, and at the same time gives them velvety and strength; in a weak solution, asphalt only revives other paints, like varnish. The inconvenience of using asphalt paint is that it dries slowly and therefore breaks the varnish; Another inconvenience is that over time it blackens everything with which it is combined, so it is preferably used in dark combinations in which this feature cannot disturb the harmony of colors. We also tried grinding asphalt in alcohol and applying it in this form to watercolor painting. - Asphalt paint // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

The lack of this paint led to a significant loss of preservation of his masterpiece

In the Russian Museum (St. Petersburg) there is a painting that has been on a journey:

In the Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow) the painting (author's repetition) is in better preservation:

Secondly, the system of complementary colors he used.

These are colors that, when mixed, produce shades of gray from white to black (achromatic color), and when placed next to each other they give a feeling of maximum contrast.

On the color wheel these colors are located oppositely:

Here you can play: Click the “contrast” icon and on the circle mark the color to which you want to match the contrast. On the right you will see how these colors combine.

If you take a closer look at the French impressionists of that time, you will guess who impressed Kuindzhi:

Claude Monet

But modern impressionists also glow:

Jeremy Mann

bitumen varnish is not asphalt paint. They were used back in the 16th century, but then apparently there were malts. Malta is not only the name of the island, but the Greek name for the natural intermediate element of oil, more precisely oil with wax - apparently there was enough of it there. It was used as a paint, but due to imperfect technology, it dried quickly (faster than other paints based on walnut or linseed oil and cracked. There is a term in restoration, floating craquelure, it is caused by cracking of bitumen and gives wide cracks, unlike other types of craquelure . Bitumen was widely used by Rembrant and Rubens. In principle, all imprimatur Flemish painting owes its glow to bitumen, but not to Kunji. Because Kuindzhi is already a different technological generation. Yes, he knew the spectrum of color combinations well. He could do everything to make them “glow” - this is not difficult in principle, but I would not assign the decisive role here.

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I. Aivazovsky. Off the Crimean coast

Geniuses are born whimsically, without agreeing on where and when to be born. But if until the 40s of the 19th century most of the good painters in Russia were St. Petersburg and Muscovites, then in the years 1836-1848 the provinces overtook the capitals. Here are the most famous names: Savrasov - Moscow, 1836, Kramskoy - Ostrogozhsk 1837, Kuidzhi - Mariupol, 1841, Semiradsky - the village of Pechenegs in the Kharkov province, 1843, Polenov - Petersburg, 1844, Repin - Chuguev, 1844, Surikov - Krasnoyarsk, 1848, Vasnetsov - the village of Lopyal, Vyatka province, 1848.
A painting by one of the “provincials,” Arkhip Kuindzhi, puzzled the St. Petersburg public in 1880. The longest queue stood from Nevsky along Bolshaya Morskaya to the exhibition space of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists, to the hall where only one painting hung: “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper.” They gave rubles to the doorman so that he could skip the line.

V. Vasnetsov. Portrait of the artist A. Kuindzhi

Newspapers wrote that this landscape completely kills all the other paintings in the exhibition. She was glowing. The water, the moon, and the night itself glowed. Spectators looked behind the canvas - maybe there was a hidden lamp there, which
illuminates the picture? There were rumors around St. Petersburg: Kuindzhi was friends with the famous chemist Mendeleev, who invented amazing luminous paints for his friend. And in general, Kuindzhi is an impostor who killed a real artist and took possession of his paintings. What did the idle townsfolk come up with!
Forty years before Kuindzhi’s triumph, another Russian landscape painter, Ivan Aivazovsky, amazed Europe in the same way. His contemporary F. Jordan wrote: “Even arrogant Paris admired his paintings, one of which, depicting a sunrise or sunset, was painted so vividly and faithfully that the French doubted whether there was a trick here, whether there was a candle or lamp behind the picture.” . And even earlier, in the 17th century, Georges de La Tour, who was called the “painter of the nights,” also amazed his contemporaries. The main character of his paintings is not a person, but light, the light of a torch or candle.

A. Kuindzhi. Moonlit night on the Dnieper

The subjects and titles of the paintings are the most common, common in those days: “The Sorrowful Magdalene”, “The Nativity”, “The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian”, “The Appearance of an Angel to St. Joseph”, “Job and His Wife”... And the paintings turned out to be amazing and original - from -because the candles and torches painted by the artist burn “for real.”
This same clear, fantastic light imparted some kind of grandeur and a sense of miracle even to those canvases that depict “low” subjects: “Rounder”, “Woman Catching a Flea”, “Payment”. “How is this done?” - the spectators were surprised.

In fact, sometimes artists actually resorted to various technical tricks, and luminous paints are not a myth or a product of our time (modern paints with the addition of phosphorus glow). In the 6th century in Ajanta (India), a cave temple was painted so that in the dark the figures appear three-dimensional, protruding from the depths. And they glow, and it is not clear why - chemists cannot unravel the secret of ancient paints. And in Japan in the 18th century, the following technique was popular: the background of the engraving was covered with a thin layer of mica powder. The result was a shimmering surface that gave the whole work a mysterious quality. This is how Kitagawa Utamaro and Toshusai Sharaku worked, for example.

But Aivazovsky, Kuindzhi, La Tour and many other artists did not use “technical” methods. They achieved success by combining light and dark tones. All the more amazing is the wonderful light pouring from their canvases.

Good Zeus
The truth about Kuindzhi was stranger than gossip. A Greek shepherd from Mariupol comes to the capital to enter the Academy of Arts, fails for two years, enters for the third... only to soon leave, because the Academy, in his opinion, is outdated.
Shows his paintings at exhibitions of the Itinerants, surprising with the light pouring from the canvases. He doesn't live well. Every afternoon he comes out with a bag of food - and birds flock to him. Then he decides that it is not only the birds that need to be “fed”. He embarks on some unimaginable financial adventures and becomes rich. But he still lives with his wife in a small apartment, furnished with shabby furniture, but he gives one hundred thousand rubles to train young painters. He explains it this way: “This... this, what is this? If I am rich, then everything is possible for me: to eat, drink, and study, but if there is no money, then it means that you will be hungry, sick, and you cannot study, as was the case with me.
But I achieved my goal, and others are dying. But this is not so, this needs to be corrected, this is so that there is a lot of money and it is given to those who need it, who are sick, who want to study...” (real words of Kuindzhi). Outwardly, he looks like the kind Zeus - regular facial features, a curly beard. His students adore him, his nickname is “father” (perhaps the most famous of his students is N.K. Roerich). He writes a lot, successfully exhibits, his paintings are still bought in the studio, “on the vine.”
And suddenly he stops sending his paintings to exhibitions, explaining that “an artist needs to perform at exhibitions while he, like a singer, has a voice. And as soon as his voice subsides, he must leave...” And, no matter how much he was persuaded, he did not send a single painting to exhibitions for more than 20 years (and painted them every day, one better than the other!).
He died of heart disease - it hurt too much for all those suffering. He left a small pension to his beloved wife, and bequeathed a fortune of two million rubles to the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. “Many strangers walked behind Kuindzhi’s coffin, receiving help from him, and orphaned birds circled over the house,” wrote one of his friends. And no one has ever solved the mystery of his shining paintings...