The schwa sound in English. Connecting letters

The development of my spoken English is divided into two periods: before I learned about the schwa sound and after. I learned about the schwa sound at a pronunciation course, which I took more out of curiosity, since I didn’t really believe that pronunciation could be improved with some dry language exercises. But to my surprise, the teacher did not teach us at all how to correctly pronounce certain English sounds: how to “stick out” the tongue in the “th” sound, or how to “choke” the tongue in the “ur” sound. The content of the pronunciation course focused on correct intonation in English: word stress, sentence-level stress, word groups and pauses, etc.

What do these rules mean? What they mean is that in English most unstressed syllables are not just pronounced more quietly, as in Russian, they sound the same! That is, no matter what vowel is written in an unstressed syllable, there will be one sound - schwa. Since most syllables in the language are unstressed, it turns out that most of the sounds that Anglophones make are schwa - a dull, quiet moo. If you need an example, take almost any English word that has more than one syllable and read its transcription: condition, agree [ə"grɪ:], methodological. Unstressed "a", "o", and "e" turn into /ə/, unstressed “i” and “y” in /ɪ/ (which sounds almost the same as /ə/), and only the letter “u” in an unstressed syllable has any noticeable sound left: /ʌ/, / u/, or /ju:/.

I have always had trouble digesting English pronunciation, now I finally understand why - it turns out that Anglophones are so lazy that they simply turned most of the sounds into mid-central vowel sound - schwa. And since schwa sounds very inexpressive, the stressed syllable in English must be pronounced loudly (by Russian standards, very loudly), otherwise no one will understand what you are muttering there. Thus, the correct English pronunciation is mooing on one note with shouting out individual syllables - approximately like a chimpanzee :)

Well, now I began to speak in English much cleaner and began to understand that I could not be properly understood.

Modern types of welding open up many possibilities for the master, allowing professionals and amateurs to realize their ideas. With it you can join dissimilar metals, and with the help of a budget one you can weld a fence in your dacha. But sometimes welding equipment and components for them are not enough for full-fledged work; it is important to learn how to make and understand welding drawings. In them you can find out all the comprehensive information about the metal that needs to be welded, its thickness, characteristics and locations of future joints.

A drawing is a full-fledged document issued for one specific part or an entire metal structure. It contains all the information a welder might need. Reading welding blueprints proficiently is a must-have skill for any welder wishing to pursue a career in this profession. In our article you will learn what is needed for decoding in drawings and what signs are used for this, we will also give several examples.

GOST standards identify different types of welds and their interpretation. Types of welded joints are designated by letters for easier recording and saving space. There are a butt seam (denoted by the letter “C”), an end seam (also the letter “C”), an overlap (“H”), a T-weld (“T”) and a corner seam (“U”). Let's take a closer look at each type of connection.

A butt welded joint is made at adjacent ends, and the parts to be welded are in the same plane. This type of weld is the strongest and most durable; it is widely used when welding particularly critical metal structures. Before welding, you must be careful and ensure that all parts will be welded in accordance with the drawing.

The end seam, as the name suggests, is formed along the ends of the parts. The side surfaces of the parts are securely connected to each other. The end weld is often used when welding thin metals.

The overlap seam is less demanding on the quality of work than the previous ones. But at the same time, it does not have such good strength characteristics and tolerates loads less well. To make an overlap seam, place the parts parallel, but with a slight offset to the side and partially overlapping each other.

The T-welded connection is one of the toughest and most durable, but does not tolerate bending loads well. To make a T-seam, place one part horizontally, the second vertically and weld with the first end facing the surface.

Not used as often as other types of connections. This seam is relatively reliable and durable. One part relative to another can be turned end-to-end and positioned at different angles, depending on the drawing.

Any, regardless of their type, can be single-sided (or as they are also called “SS”; this abbreviation is used in drawings around the world) or double-sided (abbreviation “BS”). Single-sided seams are obtained by welding on one side of the part, and double-sided seams are obtained by welding on both sides.

If you need to fusion weld parts, you will need to cut the edges. There are many forms of edge separation; they are characterized by different angles, gap sizes, and so on. The choice of cutting shape depends on the thickness of the metal and the welding method. We have provided some examples of the edge section in the image. You can use any one like in the picture below.

Illustration of welds in the drawing

Now let's move on to the conventional images and signs that characterize the seams in the drawings. Welded joints can be visible or invisible. If the seam is invisible, it is shown as a dashed line. If visible, use a solid line. An invisible seam is a seam that is located on the back side of a part, and a visible seam is a seam on the front surface. If the seam is one-sided and the welding is done with the seam facing up, then such a connection is also called a facial connection. If the seam is double-sided, then the connection that was made first is considered the front one. If the edges are symmetrical, then either side can be called the front side.

The one-way arrow shows where the seam line is. On the arrow itself there may be a special “shelf” where an auxiliary sign or letter designating a seam is indicated. Where should the symbols be placed - under the “shelf” or above it? It also depends on the type of seam. If the seam is invisible, then under the shelf, and accordingly above it, if visible.

Auxiliary signs

In addition to arrows and letters, auxiliary symbols can be used to indicate welds. Below you can see the standard structure of the symbol, its “skeleton”, on which “muscles” should then appear in the form of letters or other signs.

Auxiliary characters include alphanumeric combinations that contain information about the type of seam and type of connection. This sounds pretty confusing, but here's a quick example: We have the designation C1 and it stands for "single-sided butt weld." C is a letter indicating the type of seam, and 1 is a number indicating the side of welding. Double-sided welding is indicated by the number 2.

Below you can see symbols of seams and joints for some welding methods.

Welding methods also have their own symbol. They are also marked with a letter, this is indicated in regulatory documents. Based on the standards, the welding process indicated on the assembly drawing is carried out.

Below you can see the main welding methods and their designations:

• Automatic welding under, without the use of flux pads and linings during operation (indicated by the letter “A”).
• Automatic submerged arc welding using a flux pad (“AF”).
• Welding in an environment using tungsten rods and without wire (“IN”).
• Welding in a shielding gas environment using tungsten rods and using wire (INp).
• Gas shielded welding using consumable rods (“IP”).
• Welding with consumable rods in a carbon dioxide environment (“WW”).

Examples of symbols

To make it clearer for you and you can quickly understand all the notations, we will give several simple and illustrative examples. So, let's begin.

Example No. 1

In the picture above you see a butt seam in which one edge has a curved bevel. The connection itself is double-sided, made by manual arc welding. There is no gain on either side. On the front side the roughness of the seam is Rz 20 µm, and on the back side it is Rz 80 µm.

Example No. 2

Here you can see that the seam is corner and double-sided, it has no bevels or edges. This connection is made by automatic welding and using flux.

Example No. 3

Here we have a butt seam again, but without bevels or edges. The connection is one-sided, with a lining. The seam is made using heated gas and welding wire.

Example No. 4

In the fourth example, the seam is a T-joint and has no bevels or edges. It is intermittent and performed using a bilateral method. The seam seems to be in a checkerboard pattern. The work was carried out using RDS in a gas environment and using a seam length of 6 millimeters, and a seam length of 50 millimeters, in increments of 100 millimeters (denoted by the letter “Z”). t w is the length of the seam, and t pr is the length of the step of the intermittent connection.

Example No. 5

In our last example, the seam is overlapped and has no bevels or edges. It is also single-sided and is performed by manual gas-shielded arc welding using a consumable rod. The welded connection is made along an open line. The leg of the seam is 5 millimeters.

Instead of a conclusion

That's all we wanted to tell you about the symbols of welding seams. We hope that now you know how to read symbols on drawings. At first, it is difficult for beginners to remember all the signs and letters used as symbols for welding seams. Therefore, do not be afraid to use a notebook with the abstracts written out from this article in your work.

Work in “Propysi” begins after getting acquainted with the letter and analyzing its main elements. Carefully read the article “Calligraphy courses - 15 steps to write a letter.” Before we start connecting the letters, we will highlight several methodological stages in learning.

Methodology of working in copybook

1) Acquaintance with the speech formula and letter elements.
2) Incorrect display stage (it is not present on all pages) It is described in the methodology. The teacher conducts this exercise on the board.

We see that first in the letter “n” the first slant is distorted, then “Bridge” is written incorrectly, etc. The height, slope and width between the elements are distorted in the letter.

3) Trace the letter along the lines. The letter is presented in an enlarged size so that the child masters the main direction of movement.

4) Write down the elements
Each line is the development of a new element or connection.

5) Write the letters, observing the rhythm. We teach the child to keep the distance between letters.
6) Make markings. We teach the child to keep the distance between letters.

Pay attention to the markings!

It can be vertical - to analyze the width between elements, and horizontal to regulate the proportions of the letter in height.

Horizontal markings can take place in the middle of the line and in 1/3. This is necessary so that the child can see where the elements end, begin and connect to each other.

7) Write the letter in a narrow line. The preparation is complete. Our student knows what the letter consists of, he knows the direction of movement.

It's time to apply all the knowledge in the dimensions of a narrow line. A large number of vertical lines allow you to adjust the inclination and width.

8) The training sheet is not always used and is not used with everyone, only in two cases:

1) when the child has not mastered writing a letter
2) when speed writing training is carried out

If the exercise is performed with ease, you DO NOT NEED TO RECORD THE WHOLE SHEET from start to finish. Proceed to the next stage of work.

9) Write connections
If it is difficult for a child to write all the lines with connections at once, dose the load.

In school copybooks, connections are written 3-4 pieces on one line.

You can adopt this experience and ask your child to write three compounds of each type in one training session. In the "connections" section you will find an explanation of all the new types of connections.

And study with your child all types of connections with the letter you are studying.

10) Learn to match a printed letter with a written symbol

The exercise is aimed at memory training. Often in class, even second-graders ask how this or that letter is written. Some children have a very slow writing speed only because it takes them a long time to remember how to write a particular letter.

Letter of Basic Elements

Slanted line element

• Sloping line
• Diagonal slant
• Double inclined

Element "Hook"

Speech formula:

• From the top line I write a downward slant;
• I make a right turn;
• I write a diagonal slant to the middle of the line.

Element “Double hook”

Speech formula: From the middle of the line I write a diagonal upward slant; I make a right turn; I write the hook down to the middle of the line.

Speech formula: Element “Loop”

• From the top line I write down a double slant;
• I make a left turn, write a small semicircle;
• I write up a diagonal slant;
• I make a “tie” on the bottom working line;
• I bring the slant to the middle of the line.

Speech formula: Element “Upper loop”

• From the bottom third of the line I write up a diagonal slant;
• I write a small semicircle to the left;
• I write a downward sloping line;
• I make a “tie” in the middle of the line.

Element "Bridge"

Speech formula: From the middle of the line I write a horizontal line to the right with a slight deflection.

Speech formula: In the lower third of the working line, I write a semicircle to the right from point 1 to point 2. Element “Lower semicircle”

Speech formula: In the upper third of the line I write a semicircle to the left from point 1 to point 2. Element “Upper semicircle”

Element "Oval"

(Can be written above or below, the direction of movement depends on the letter.) Speech formula:

I write oblique;

I write a semicircle in a third of a line;

I write oblique.

Element “Right semi-oval”

Speech formula:

In the upper third of the line I write a semicircle
left;

I'm writing downward

I write a hook to the right to the middle
lines.

Element “Left semi-oval”

Speech formula:

In the top third of the line I write
diagonal slanted to the right;

I write slanted to the lower third
strings;

I'm writing a left turn, a little narrower
width of regular markings.

Element "Flashlight"

Speech formula:

• From the top line I write downward slanted;
• I return along it up to the middle of the line;
• I write a diagonal upward slant;
• I make a slight turn to the right;
• I write downward to the top third of the line.

Hook element written to the left

Speech formula: From the top line I write a double downward slant;

I write a smooth turn to the left in the lower third of the line.

Element "Horizontal hook"

Speech formula: “I find the middle of the working line, put the starting point; “I write a semicircle to the right; I draw a horizontal line of the required length to the right.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

Examples of the use of the word schwa in literature.

High, without a single seam, she walked around a pile of fertilizer and was lost from sight.

Seregil took out seam a tiny razor-sharp blade on his belt, pulling the skin next to the mark and cutting the top layer off the scar.

The seams should be overcast and secured - pull the stitched parts in different directions at the beginning seam, the parts should not move apart.

Fold the parts facing inward, fasten them after 5 cm by hand and stitch them with a zigzag so that the top weave seam passed near the edge of the skin.

That is why it is very important to choose the right sealing compound and carefully prepare the edges of the future seam- clean them from grease and dust.

Moreover, it is important that the seam is protected from moisture during the entire setting time, the final setting time seam for PS-B-paste 6 days.

We offer patterns of the Russian alphabet for embroidering inscriptions with simple stitches: chain stitch, stem stitch, stitch. With these fonts you can embroider both simple letter marks, for example, on a handkerchief, and entire phrases. You could say this is calligraphy in embroidery. Instead of pen and ink, we have thread and needle. You can create inscriptions using simple seams on any fabric, because this work does not require counting. Just translate the letters of the alphabet needed for embroidery from the diagram, select a stitch and embroider! It is better to work in a hoop so as not to “tighten” the fabric. The decorative effect of the embroidery depends on the choice of stitches. For example, when embroidering with a “stitch”, you will get a light, delicate inscription, and if you choose a chain stitch, the letters will appear more prominent and brighter. The stem stitch gives a beautiful twisted line, but is more difficult to work with.
If you are going to embroider only one, but very beautiful monogram letter, then you may be interested in the material.
You can make an original tablecloth if you ask your guests to write something on it or simply sign it, and then embroider it with thread.

Below are diagrams of Russian alphabets for embroidery, or.
We suggest using hand-made calligraphic fonts for embroidery of inscriptions:
There are a lot of Latin alphabets on the Internet; I will cite only one of them.
Some ideas for decorating lettering with simple decorative stitches: