Antonyms are examples of words in Russian. To help schoolchildren: definition, types and examples of antonyms

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “kind” - “evil”, “speak” - “be silent”.

Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

• contradictory correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.
• contrarian correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one entity in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.
• vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
• Conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
• enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.
• pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

According to the structure, antonyms are:

• different roots (forward - back);
• single-root - formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

• linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
• contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.

In terms of action, antonyms are:

• proportional - action and reaction: get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor;
• disproportionate - action and lack of action (in a broad sense): ignite - extinguish, think up - think about it.

Antonyms in poetry

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Notes

Synonyms. Antonyms.

Literature

• Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: More than 2000 antonyms. steam / Ed. L. A. Novikova. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 384 p. (wrong)

Passage characterizing Antonyms

Nothing now happened in Pierre's soul similar to what happened in it in similar circumstances during his matchmaking with Helen.
He did not repeat, as then, with painful shame the words he had spoken, he did not say to himself: “Oh, why didn’t I say this, and why, why did I say “je vous aime” then?” [I love you] Now, on the contrary, he repeated every word of hers, his own, in his imagination with all the details of her face, smile, and did not want to subtract or add anything: he only wanted to repeat. There was no longer even a shadow of doubt as to whether what he had undertaken was good or bad. Only one terrible doubt sometimes crossed his mind. Isn't this all in a dream? Was Princess Marya mistaken? Am I too proud and arrogant? I believe; and suddenly, as should happen, Princess Marya will tell her, and she will smile and answer: “How strange! He was probably mistaken. Doesn’t he know that he is a man, just a man, and I?.. I am completely different, higher.”
Only this doubt often occurred to Pierre. He also didn’t make any plans now. The impending happiness seemed so incredible to him that as soon as it happened, nothing could happen. It was all over.
A joyful, unexpected madness, of which Pierre considered himself incapable, took possession of him. The whole meaning of life, not for him alone, but for the whole world, seemed to him to lie only in his love and in the possibility of her love for him. Sometimes all the people seemed to him to be occupied with only one thing - his future happiness. It sometimes seemed to him that they were all as happy as he was, and were only trying to hide this joy, pretending to be busy with other interests. In every word and movement he saw hints of his happiness. He often surprised people who met him with his significant, happy looks and smiles that expressed secret agreement. But when he realized that people might not know about his happiness, he felt sorry for them with all his heart and felt a desire to somehow explain to them that everything they were doing was complete nonsense and trifles, not worth attention.
When he was offered to serve or when they discussed some general, state affairs and war, assuming that the happiness of all people depended on this or that outcome of such and such an event, he listened with a meek, sympathetic smile and surprised the people who spoke to him with his strange remarks. But both those people who seemed to Pierre to understand the real meaning of life, that is, his feeling, and those unfortunate ones who obviously did not understand this - all people during this period of time seemed to him in such a bright light of the feeling shining in him that without the slightest effort, he immediately, meeting any person, saw in him everything that was good and worthy of love.

Antonyms (gr. anti- against + onyma- name) are words that differ in sound and have directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent. Antonyms usually refer to one part of speech and form pairs.

Modern lexicology considers synonymy and antonymy as extreme, limiting cases of, on the one hand, interchangeability, and on the other, opposition of words in content. At the same time, synonymous relations are characterized by semantic similarity, while antonymic relations are characterized by semantic difference.

Antonymy in language is presented as narrower than synonymy: only words that are correlative on some basis - qualitative, quantitative, temporal, spatial and belonging to the same category of objective reality as mutually exclusive concepts - enter into antonymic relations: beautiful - ugly, much - little, morning - evening, remove - bring closer. Words with other meanings usually do not have antonyms; compare: house, thinking, write, twenty, Kyiv, Caucasus. Most antonyms characterize qualities ( good - bad, smart - stupid, native - alien, dense - rare and under.); There are also many that indicate spatial and temporal relationships ( large - small, spacious - cramped, high - low, wide - narrow; early - late, day - night); fewer antonymous pairs with quantitative meaning ( many - few; single - numerous). There are opposite names for actions, states ( cry - laugh, rejoice - grieve), but there are few of them.

The development of antonymic relations in vocabulary reflects our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity and interdependence. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposed to each other, but are also closely related to each other. Word Kind, for example, evokes in our minds the word angry, distant reminds of close, speed up- O slow down.

Antonyms “are at the extreme points of the lexical paradigm” 1, but between them in the language there may be words that reflect the specified feature to varying degrees, i.e., its decrease or increase. For example: rich- wealthy - poor - poor - beggar; harmful- harmless - useless - useful . This opposition suggests a possible degree of strengthening of a characteristic, quality, action, or gradation (lat. gradatio- gradual increase). Semantic gradation (graduality), therefore, is characteristic only of those antonyms whose semantic structure contains an indication of the degree of quality: young - old, big - small, small - large and under. Other antonymic pairs are devoid of the sign of gradualism: up - down, day - night, life - death, man - woman.

Antonyms that have the attribute of gradualism can be interchanged in speech to give the statement a polite form; so, it's better to say thin, how skinny; elderly, how old. Words used to eliminate the harshness or rudeness of a phrase are called euphemisms (gr. eu- good + phemi- I say). On this basis, they sometimes talk about antonyms-euphemisms, which express the meaning of the opposite in a softened form.

In the lexical system of the language one can also distinguish antonyms-conversives (lat. conversio- change). These are words that express the relation of opposition in the original (direct) and modified (reverse) statement: Alexander gave book to Dmitry. - Dmitry took book from Alexander; Professor accepts test from the trainee.- Trainee rents out test for professor 2 .

There is also intra-word antonymy in the language - antonymy of the meanings of polysemantic words, or enantiosemy (gr. enantios- opposite + sema - sign). This phenomenon is observed in polysemous words that develop mutually exclusive meanings. For example, verb move away can mean “come back to normal, feel better,” but it can also mean “die, say goodbye to life.” Enantiosemy becomes the reason for the ambiguity of such statements, for example: Editor looked through these lines; I listened to divertissement; Speaker misspoke and under.

According to their structure, antonyms are divided into multi-root (day - night) and single-root ( come - go, revolution - counter-revolution). The former constitute a group of actual lexical antonyms, the latter - lexico-grammatical. In single-root antonyms, the opposite meaning is caused by various prefixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic relationships; compare: V lay down - You lay down at put - from put, behind cover - from cover. Consequently, the opposition of such words is due to word formation. However, it should be borne in mind that adding prefixes to qualitative adjectives and adverbs not without- most often gives them the meaning of only a weakened opposite ( young - middle-aged), so that the contrast of their meaning in comparison with prefix-free antonyms turns out to be “muted” ( middle-aged- this does not mean “old”). Therefore, not all prefix formations can be classified as antonyms in the strict sense of the term, but only those that are extreme members of the antonymic paradigm: successful - unsuccessful, strong - powerless.

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form a pairwise correlation in a language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym. Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “unclosed” polynomial series, cf.: concrete - abstract, abstract; cheerful - sad, sorrowful, dull, boring.

In addition, each member of an antonymic pair or antonymic series can have its own synonyms that do not intersect in antonymy. Then a certain system is formed in which synonymous units are located vertically, and antonymous units are located horizontally. For example:

Such a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the lexicon. Systematicity is also indicated by the relationship between polysemy and antonymy of lexical units.

1 Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language: Lexicology. P. 140.

2 See: Novikov L.A. Antonymy in Russian. M., 1973. S. 35, 145.

Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in sound and spelling, and have exactly the opposite meaning. Belonging to one part of speech is not the only condition by which words that have opposite meanings can be called antonyms; there must be a common feature between such words, for example, when both concepts describe feeling, time, space, quantity, quality, etc.

In contact with

Classmates

For example, “before” and “now”. In this case, both words are adverbs; they have opposite concepts and refer to the same attribute - the description of time (“when? now” or “when? before”).

What Wikipedia says

Antonyms(translated from Greek αντί- means “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of the same part of speech of directly opposite lexical meaning, having differences in spelling and sound: lie - truth, evil - good, be silent - speak .

Words with opposite meanings have relatively recently become the subject of linguistic analysis, which is why interest in the study of Tatar and Russian antonymy has increased significantly. In addition, this led to the emergence of a number of linguistic studies and various dictionaries of antonyms.

In the vocabulary of a language, lexical units are closely related not only because of the connection of contiguity and similarity, but also because of the semantic variants of polysemantic words. They do not always contain a feature that can be contrasted, therefore they cannot have antonymic relationships in a literal sense, but in a figurative sense they acquire an antonym.

Thus, contextual antonyms can have an antonymic relationship with a direct meaning, carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function in a sentence.

It is permissible to apply them to words whose meanings reflect qualitatively opposite shades, while the basis of their meanings is always a common feature (height, weight, time of day, feeling, etc.); also, only those words that belong to the same stylistic or grammatical category can be contrasted.

Linguistic antonyms cannot be words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels. Also among antonyms there are no numerals, pronouns and proper names.

Types of antonym concepts expressed include:

Types of antonyms by structure:

• cognate- are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning (for example: move in - leave) or with the help of prefixes added to the main word (for example: monopoly - antimonopoly);
• multi-rooted- having different roots (for example: back and forth).

From the point of view of speech and language, antonyms are divided into two types: contextual and linguistic:

• Language or usual antonyms take place in the language system (for example: poor - rich);
• Contextual- speech, contextual, occasional antonyms arise in a certain context; often found in sayings and proverbs. In order to check or determine this type, it is necessary to reduce opposite words to a language pair (for example: golden - half copper, or expensive - cheap).

Antonymous pairs are distinguished according to their action; they can be proportional or disproportionate:

• Proportional represent action and reaction (examples: going to bed - getting up, getting poor - getting rich);
• Disproportionate express action and its absence in the broad sense of the word (for example: think up - think about it, light up - extinguish).

Examples in language and literature

We quietly enter September... into the forest not uncommon… V thick, the trees there aren’t Judas... without grumbling, without daring; month of knot confusion, there good visiting evil…

In this example, contradictory correlates are applicable (sparse - dense, good - evil). The following antonymic pairs belong to the same type of expressed concepts:

Let's look at other examples:

• child - teenager - adult(contrary correlators);
• come - go(same root antonyms);
• laugh - cry(commensurate antonyms);
• win - lose(conversions);
• counter-revolution - revolution(vector correlators).

Pair systems

Antonyms usually form a pair correlation in Russian, as can be seen in examples in various dictionaries. However, this does not mean at all that there can be only one word with the opposite meaning.

Antonymous relations allow opposing concepts to be shown in the so-called “unclosed” polynomial series (for example: concrete - abstract, abstract; cheerful - sad, boring, dull, sad).

In addition, each member of an antonymic series or pair may have synonyms that do not intersect in antonymic relationships. In this case, a kind of system is formed in which antonymic units are located horizontally, and synonymous ones are located vertically.

Here are examples of such a system:

• stupid - smart;
• stupid - reasonable;
• brainless - wise;
• headless - big-headed;
• stupid - smart.

• rejoice - be sad;
• to have fun - to be sad;
• rejoice - yearn.

Introduction

Antonyms - words with opposite meanings - occupy a special place in the Russian language. Antonymy reflects an essential aspect of systemic connections in Russian vocabulary. Modern science of language considers synonymy and antonymy as extreme, limiting cases of interchangeability and opposition of words in content. Moreover, if synonymous relations are characterized by semantic similarity, then antonymic relations are characterized by semantic difference.

The existence of antonyms in language is determined by the nature of our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity, in the unity and struggle of opposites. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposed, but also closely related to each other.

The subject of consideration in the abstract will be the use of antonyms in the Russian language.

Abstract objectives:

Review the definition of antonyms;

Analyze the connection between antonyms and polysemy;

Consider and summarize the functions of using antonyms in the Russian language.

When writing the abstract, educational and methodological materials on the Russian language and speech culture were used. The abstract consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Antonyms in Russian

Antonyms (gr. anti - against + onyma - name) are words that differ in sound and have directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent. Antonyms usually refer to one part of speech and form pairs.

Antonymy in language is represented narrower than synonymy: only words that are correlative on some basis - qualitative, quantitative, temporal, spatial and belonging to the same category of objective reality as mutually exclusive concepts enter into antonymic relations: beautiful - ugly, many - little, morning - evening, moving away - bringing closer. Novikov L. A. Antonymy in the Russian language. M., 1993., p. 35

Words with other meanings usually do not have antonyms; Wed: house, thinking, writing, twenty, Kyiv, Caucasus. Most antonyms characterize qualities (good - bad, smart - stupid, native - alien, thick - rare, etc.); There are also many that indicate spatial and temporal relationships (large - small, spacious - cramped, high - low, wide - narrow; early - late, day - night); there are fewer antonymous pairs with a quantitative meaning (many - few; unique - numerous). There are opposite names for actions and states (cry - laugh, rejoice - grieve), but there are few of them.

The development of antonymic relations in vocabulary reflects our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity and interdependence. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposed to each other, but are also closely related to each other. The word kind, for example, evokes the word evil in our minds, distant reminds us of what is close, and speed up reminds us of slow down.

Antonyms “are at the extreme points of the lexical paradigm,” but between them in the language there may be words that reflect the specified feature to varying degrees, i.e., its decrease or increase. For example: rich - wealthy - poor - poor - beggar; harmful - harmless - useless - useful. This opposition suggests a possible degree of strengthening of a characteristic, quality, action, or gradation (Latin gradatio - gradual increase). Semantic gradation (graduality), therefore, is characteristic only of those antonyms whose semantic structure contains an indication of the degree of quality: young - old, big - small, small - large, etc. Other antonymic pairs lack the sign of graduality: top - bottom, day - night, life - death, man - woman.

Antonyms that have the attribute of gradualism can be interchanged in speech to give the statement a polite form; so, it is better to say thin than skinny; older than old. Words used to eliminate the harshness or rudeness of a phrase are called euphemisms (gr. eu - good + phemi - I say). On this basis, they sometimes talk about antonyms-euphemisms, which express the meaning of the opposite in a softened form. Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language: Lexicology. - M.: Nauka, 2000., P. 140

In the lexical system of the language, one can also distinguish antonyms-conversives (Latin conversio - change). These are words that express the relation of opposition in the original (direct) and modified (inverse) statement: Alexander gave the book to Dmitry. - Dmitry took the book from Alexander; The professor takes the test from the trainee. - The trainee gives the test to the professor.

There is also intra-word antonymy in the language - antonymy of the meanings of polysemantic words, or enantiosemy (Greek enantios - opposite + sema - sign). This phenomenon is observed in polysemous words that develop mutually exclusive meanings. For example, the verb to depart can mean “to return to normal, to feel better,” but it can also mean “to die, to say goodbye to life.” Enantiosemy becomes the reason for the ambiguity of such statements, for example: The editor looked through these lines; I listened to the divertissement; The speaker made a slip of the tongue.

According to their structure, antonyms are divided into multi-rooted (day - night) and single-rooted (come - go, revolution - counter-revolution). The former constitute a group of actual lexical antonyms, the latter - lexico-grammatical. In single-root antonyms, the opposite meaning is caused by various prefixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic relationships; Wed: put in - put out, put on - set aside, close - open. Consequently, the opposition of such words is due to word formation. However, it should be borne in mind that the addition of the prefixes not-, bez- to qualitative adjectives and adverbs most often gives them the meaning of only a weakened opposite (young - not young), so that the contrast of their meaning in comparison with non-prefixed antonyms turns out to be “muted” (mature - this does not mean “old” yet). Therefore, not all prefix formations can be classified as antonyms in the strict sense of the term, but only those that are extreme members of the antonymic paradigm: successful - unsuccessful, strong - powerless.

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form a pairwise correlation in a language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym.

Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “unclosed”, polynomial series, cf.: concrete - abstract, abstract; cheerful - sad, sorrowful, dull, boring.

In addition, each member of an antonymic pair or antonymic series can have its own synonyms that do not intersect in antonymy. Then a certain system is formed in which synonymous units are located vertically, and antonymous units are located horizontally.

For example:

Such a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the lexicon. Systematicity is also indicated by the relationship between polysemy and antonymy of lexical units.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. You often hear arguments about this, but you don’t have to be a philologist to understand that learning Russian is a real feat.

Especially considering the presence of a large number of words that are comparable in meaning, but often completely different in spelling (). Or, conversely, different in meaning, but identical in spelling (). But there are also words that sound the same, but differ in spelling ().

In this regard, we only have to find out what antonyms are, what role they play in the Russian language and whether we can do without them, in principle.

Looking ahead, I will say that without them, the lexical beauty of the Russian language would have suffered significant damage. To understand this, it is enough to turn to our classics, who often used this technique in their work.

What is an antonym?

In short, this is the opposite of synonyms (different words that mean approximately the same thing, such as “cheerful - joyful”, “traveler - traveler”). In the case of an antonym, the definition will sound like this:

these are the words that have opposite meanings(opposed to each other), but necessarily belonging to the same part of speech. For example, “day - night”, “bright - dark”, “walk - stand”, “cold - warm”.

The word itself is a derivative of the ancient Greek words ἀντί, meaning “against” and ὄνομα, meaning “name”:

It turns out that antonyms are most often two words (lexical oppositions), belonging to the same part of speech, which can be:

Numerals, pronouns and proper names, as well as words belonging to different parts of speech, do not have antonyms. There are many words in the Russian language that cannot be contrasted, but in this case it can be found figuratively.

Please note that the figurative meaning of the same word may differ in different contexts.

For example, we can say “old” and “young” about an animal of different ages (wolf, goose, ram), but we cannot describe a car, a machine tool, a sofa in the same way. They can also be old, but there is no such expression as a “young” car (sofa, machine). In this case, another antonym, “new,” would be better suited.

And there are quite a lot of such examples, so it’s impossible to explain in a nutshell what this is (as well as about synonyms, paronyms and homonyms). I’m not talking about foreigners - for them this is a direct path to the “yellow house”.

Types of antonyms, according to what criteria they are divided

Speaking about the types of autonomous entities, we can highlight:

Now let’s consolidate the learned material by watching a short video on the topic, without missing anything interesting:

Examples of various antonyms

The lexical set of the Russian language is so rich that it takes foreigners a lifetime to understand what synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are. In this regard, it is incomparably easier for native speakers.

There are the following types of antonymic words and expressions:

It is obvious that without these lexical embellishments our language would be boring and uninteresting. Without them, how could you describe a person who has the complete opposite of another personality or convey experiences and feelings.

Thus, several concepts can be contrasted at once, as in the example of “loving good and hating evil.”

Antonyms in Russian proverbs

We can talk a lot about how useful antonyms are, and how difficult it is without them, but it’s better to look at examples. In this regard, Russian proverbs and sayings illustrate the material well.

Everyone, for example, understands the meaning of the proverb, which says that “a sleigh must be prepared in the summer, and a cart in the winter.” Antonyms enhance the effect. Each of us knows that “the well-fed is no companion to the hungry,” “the morning is wiser than the evening,” and “the bins of a bad owner are sometimes thick and sometimes empty.”

Sometimes the opposite is indicated by entire phrases. For example, about a rich person you can say that “he has no money,” but a poor person has it “like a cat crying.” You can also “keep your eyes open”, or you can “count crows”, “live on your own hump” or “sit on someone else’s neck”.

The Russian language is truly rich, and you won’t envy those who have to learn it “from scratch,” because how can you explain to a foreigner what “seven spans in the forehead” is and how the expression “without a king in the head” is different.

And in conclusion, check how correctly you have mastered the material and understood what an antonym is:

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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