What factor of human evolution is considered social? The role of biological and social factors in human evolution In the social evolution of man, the most important role was played by

“Social human rights” - Social human rights. Objectives: to help students understand their rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation; - to awaken students’ interest in solving problems on social rights; cultivate tolerance; - responsible attitude towards the assigned work. - Name the main directions of social policy of our state.

“The main stages of human evolution” - Propliopithecus. Heredity, variability. Parapithecus. The struggle for existence, natural selection. Orangutan. Australopithecus. FIRST MODERN (Cro-Magnon, modern man). Generalization about the stages of anthropogenesis. Dryopithecus. Humans and apes are two different branches of the family tree.

“Human Evolution” - Heraclitus - organisms develop according to the laws of nature. Factors of anthropogenesis. Gibbon. Cro-Magnon. Gorilla. 1. Heredity 2. Variation 3. Isolation 4. Struggle for existence 5. Natural selection. Biochemical - the similarity of the chemical composition of the intracellular environment of humans and animals. Lesson objectives: Learn to find the necessary information on a topic.

“Human evolution, biology” - Tasks: a) Determine which predecessors of man switched to a terrestrial lifestyle and upright walking? Stages of human evolution." Fragment of a lesson on the topic: “The driving forces of anthropogenesis. What changes in the skull are associated with the appearance of a second signaling system in humans - speech? d) Compare the tools of anthropoids and hominids.

“The concept of evolution” - The relationship between micro- and macroevolution. Global evolutionism. The nictitating membrane is a human “rudiment”. Evolution implies universal gradual development, orderly and consistent. Selection practice. The concept of "evolution". Lamarck's views on the adaptive nature of the evolutionary process were advanced for his time.

“Man and Evolution” - Anaximander of Miletus (610-547 BC) Aristotle, Democritus, Empedocles. Ramapithecus. The thumb is opposed to the rest of the fingers of the hand. C.N.S apparatus. Chimpanzee. Pongids. Anthropology. UNSPECIALIZED INSECTIVOROUS MAMMALS. Carl Linnaeus – 18th century. Prosimians Pliopithecus Gibbons. Axial skeleton - Tubular structure Respiratory - notochord.

Biological factors of anthropogenesis in human evolution. Man is the most recent biological species to appear in the evolution of the organic world. Factors in the evolution of the organic world, such as hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection, occupy a significant place in human evolution. Charles Darwin proved these natural patterns in human evolution using specific examples. Due to the influence of natural factors, important anatomical and physiological changes occurred in the body of ancient apes. As a result, apes gradually developed upright posture, the functions of the arms and legs were separated, and the arms adapted to the manufacture of tools. Natural selection created favorable conditions for certain groups of people to improve tools, collective hunting, and caring for the elderly. As a result of this activity, group selection took place simultaneously with individual selection. However, biological laws alone are not enough to explain anthropogenesis. In his works, F. Engels (1820-1895) proved the enormous importance of social factors here. He especially noted work, social lifestyle, consciousness and speech.

Labor is the most important factor in human evolution. Any work begins with the manufacture of tools, carried out with the help of hands. F. Engels highly appreciated the role of labor in the development of man. He wrote that “labor is the first basic condition of all human life, and to such an extent that in a certain sense we must say: labor created man himself.” If so, then the main social driving force of anthropogenesis is labor. Some apes can use simple tools, but are unable to create them. Animals influence nature through their life activity, but humans change it in the process of conscious labor.

Human influence on nature is significant and diverse. Our ape-like ancestors, as a result of labor, developed morphological and physiological changes called anthropomorphosis. Labor is the main factor in human evolution. The monkeys lived in the forests, climbing trees, then gradually descended to the ground. This change in their lifestyle created the conditions for walking on two legs. The transition to upright walking “became a decisive step on the path from ape to man” (F. Engels). As a result of upright walking, an S-shaped curve of the human spine appeared, which gave elasticity to the body. The foot (metatarsal bones) became more curved and springy, the pelvic bones expanded, the sacrum became stronger, the jaws became lighter. Such hereditary changes continued for millions of years. The transition to upright walking led to certain difficulties: the speed of movement was limited, the fusion of the sacrum with the thigh made childbirth difficult, and the heavy weight of a person led to flat feet. But thanks to upright walking, man’s hands were freed up for making tools.

In the initial period of formation, his hand was underdeveloped and could only perform the simplest actions. Thanks to heredity, such characteristics were preserved and passed on to the next generation. F. Engels explained that the hand is not only an organ of labor, but also a product of labor. With the freeing of the hand, our ape-like ancestors could use simple tools made of stone and animal bone. All this influenced their level of thinking, behavior and contributed to the improvement of tools. The development of labor led to an increased role of social factors in anthropogenesis, but gradually weakened the effects of biological laws (Fig. 58).

Rice. 58.

Social way of life as the driving force of human evolution. Any vital actions of animals are carried out reflexively and instinctively. The transition to a herd lifestyle of animals occurred due to natural selection. From the very beginning, work was social, and the first ape-like ancestors of man lived in herds. Therefore, F. Engels emphasized that it would be wrong to look for the ancestors of man, the most social creature in nature, among non-social animals. Group work contributed to the development of social relationships, the unity of members of society; they collectively hunted animals, defended themselves from predators, and raised children. The older members of society passed on life experience to the younger ones. Man gradually learned to make and maintain fire.

Our distant ancestors gradually moved from plant foods to animal foods. Meat food provided the human body with the necessary beneficial amino acids, so he began to improve hunting and fishing tools. The transition to meat food led to changes in the human body, for example, shortening of the intestines and the development of chewing muscles. The use of fire also made life easier for our ancestors.

With a social way of life, human ancestors had great opportunities to understand nature and accumulate life experience. The joint activities of members of society necessitated communication with gestures and sounds. The first words were directly related to work activity. Gradually, the larynx and organs of the oral cavity, as a result of hereditary variability and natural selection, were transformed into organs of articulate speech.

Man, like animals, perceives signals from the surrounding world through irritation of the senses. This is the first signaling system. The second signaling system is associated with higher nervous activity in humans. The emergence of speech, the relationship between ancestors through words contributed to the development of the brain and thinking - speech gradually turned into a means of education. Speech strengthened the communication of our ancestors and contributed to the development of social relations. The evolution of our ancestors took place under the combined influence of biological and social factors. Natural selection gradually lost its importance as a leading factor in the evolution of human society. On the contrary, social factors (work, speech) became fundamental in human evolution. If the morphological and physiological characteristics of a person are inherited, then the abilities for collective work activity, thinking and speech have never been inherited and are not transmitted now. These specific human qualities arose historically and were improved under the influence of social factors and develop in each person in the process of his individual development only in society thanks to upbringing and education. Well-known cases of fairly long-term isolation of a child from an early age from human society (raising by animals) have shown that when he returns to normal conditions, his ability to speak and think is very poorly developed or does not develop at all. This confirms that these qualities are not inherited. Each older generation passes on life experience, knowledge, and spiritual values ​​to subsequent ones in the process of upbringing and education. With the development of society, people's work became more diverse. Various branches of the economy appeared, industry developed, science, art, trade, and religion arose. Tribes formed nations and states.

Thus, the main driving forces of anthropogenesis were biological (hereditary variability, struggle for existence and natural selection) and social factors (work activity, social lifestyle, speech and thinking) (Scheme 2).

There are three main stages in human social evolution.

The first is understanding the environment through works of art. For example, rock paintings.

The second stage is directly related to the domestication of wild animals and the development of agriculture. Thus, man began to influence the natural environment.

The third stage is the development of scientific and technological progress, which began in the 15th century. during the Renaissance. Currently, the main social factor has become the human mind. Humanity, having spread widely across the globe, is exploring outer space. The biosphere inhabited by people turns into a noosphere controlled by the human mind.

Biological factors of anthropogenesis. Social factors of anthropogenesis. Anthropomorphosis. Cro-Magnon. Noosphere.

1. The biological factors of anthropogenesis include hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection.

2. Labor is the main step in human evolution.

3. Progressive changes in human evolution are the manufacture of tools with hands and the transition to upright walking.

4. The social way of life, speech, thinking, and reason have become the main social driving forces of evolution.

1. What factors belong to the biological driving forces of anthropogenesis?

2. Explain the importance of social factors in human evolution.

3. What signs have developed in the structure of the human body as a result of upright walking?

1. What is the role of labor in human evolution?

2. What place does speech occupy in human evolution?

3. What is anthropomorphosis!

1. Characterize social factors.

2. Name the three stages of human social evolution.

3. What is the current influence of social factors on human evolution?

Explain with examples the driving forces of evolution in diagram 2, which shows the biological and social driving forces of human evolution.

Tasks.

"2. Card on the board"

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"3. Cards"

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"4. Codogram. Human races"

Topic: Factors of human evolution. Races

1. Factors of evolution

Biological factors: hereditary variability, natural selection, isolation, genetic drift, population waves - shaped the modern type of man.

For 40,000 years, the physical appearance of a person does not change, but factors continue to operate, although the role of selection has decreased.

Social factors: social lifestyle, tool activity, speech and thinking come first.

2. Human races

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Asian-American (Mongoloid) – coarse straight hair, flattened face, very prominent cheekbones, epicanthus (?)

Three large races, at least 25 small races, many racial groups - the result of hereditary variability, natural selection, isolation, and genetic drift. Lead to morphological adaptations!

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"Factors of Human Evolution"

Lesson. Factors of human evolution

Tasks. To develop knowledge about the biological and social factors of human evolution. To characterize human races, the formation of morphological characteristics of human races as a result of adaptation to various living conditions.

Test students' knowledge and repeat the material on the topic "The First People", report the test at the next lesson.

1. Factors of evolution

The biological factors of evolution - hereditary variation, natural selection, population waves, isolation and genetic drift - led, as a result of life in trees, to the emergence of primates with their binocular color vision and long fingers. The adaptation of some primates to life in open spaces led to movement on two legs; natural selection fixed mutations useful for the new conditions. Those who were most adapted to walking upright survived; their freed hands were used to collect and carry food and objects. The larger ones survived - it is easier for them to defend themselves from predators and they dominate the group. Among the Australopithecines, those who learned to make tools began to survive; selection fixed the enlargement of the brain and changed the hand.

With the advent of modern man, biological factors of evolution lose their leading importance. The leading role of natural selection decreases, life in society ensures education and the transfer of accumulated experience, protection from animals and bad weather, and a supply of food. Over the past 40,000 years, the physical appearance of humans has remained virtually unchanged. But biological factors continue to operate in the modern world. The mutation process continues to operate, and most mutations are harmful and accumulate in a recessive state, combinative variability spreads them and creates various combinations of gene alleles, unique in each organism. The role of isolation is decreasing, but it is precisely this that preserves human races.

Social factors come first - social way of life, weapon activity, speech. As a result of social life, a complex abstract is formed thinking. If previously it was predominantly the strongest who survived, then among neoanthropes an important factor in evolution becomes altruism, caring for one's neighbor. Advantages were given to those tribes that retained people of the older generation, who retained the experience of making tools, hunting and education.

T

2. Human races. The failure of racism

The dispersal of neoanthropic populations to Europe, Asia and Australia, along the Beringian Land Bridge to the American continent, and their further isolation led to morphological adaptations and adaptations to various climatic conditions. Large and small human races have formed - systematic divisions within the species Homo sapiens, to which the entire population of the Earth belongs.

There are three large races: Eurasian - Caucasian, equatorial - Aussie-Negroid, and Asian-American - Mongoloid. Within each race, small races and racial groups are distinguished. All races belong to the same species, as evidenced by the fertility of interracial marriages. In addition, all races are equal in biological and psychological respects.

For the Negroid race, the character is dark skin, curly hair, wide and flat nose. Dark skin of the Negroid race due to melanin pigment protects the body from excess ultraviolet rays and excess formation of vitaminD. Anti-rachitic vitamin D is formed in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays and is necessary to maintain calcium balance in the body. If there is too much vitamin D, calcium in the bones more than normal, they become fragile. Europeans living in latitudes with less solar radiation have lighter skin, less melanin, and accordingly produce a sufficient amount of vitamin D.

The Mongoloid race is characterized by skin with a yellowish tint, a flat face with wide cheekbones, straight black hair, eye shape and a developed epicanthus - a swollen upper eyelid. These features are adaptations to life in certain lighting conditions in open spaces.

In every race there are people who consider their race to be special, superior. Racists adhere polycentrism hypotheses, believe that races have different origins that there are “higher” and “lower” races. Some races allegedly originated from Cro-Magnons, some from Neanderthals, and some from Pithecanthropus. They explain the economic and cultural backwardness of some peoples by racial inequality, and not by socio-economic factors. But there is no scientific evidence to support racial inequality. The morphological features of races are the result of adaptations to specific living conditions.

Questions for testing on the chapter “Human Origins”

Which metaphysical scientist placed man along with prosimians and apes in the group of primates? Who suggested, who proved that man descended from hominids?

Give five characteristics of mammals that are characteristic of humans.

By what characteristics are humans classified as primates?

Give three examples of embryological evidence for the animal origin of humans.

Definition of atavisms and three examples of atavisms in humans.

Definition of rudiments and three examples of rudiments in humans.

When and from whom did primates originate?

Which monkeys are classified as pongids (great apes)?

Which monkey has 97.5% DNA similar to human DNA and the same amino acid sequence in hemoglobin?

What brain volume is typical for pongids? How many chromosomes do pongids have?

List the anthropomorphoses that appeared in anthropogenesis as a result of upright walking.

What are the consequences of the herd lifestyle of human predecessors?

What biological factors of evolution led to the emergence of humans from apes?

What social factors led to the emergence of man?

From which monkeys did Dryopithecus descend?

Who is the closest ancestor of pongids and hominids?

Who is the closest ancestor of Australopithecines?

Who is the closest ancestor of the archanthropes?

What is the historical age of the V brain of Australopithecus?

What is the historical age of the V brain of Homo habilis?

What is the historical age of the V brain of Homo erectus?

What is the historical age of the V brain of paleoanthropes?

What is the historical age of the V brain of neoanthropes?

Who belongs to the archanthropes?

Who is a paleoanthropist?

Who belongs to the neoanthropes?

Who are hominids?

What morphological features does the Caucasian race have?

What morphological features does the Negroid-Australoid race have?

What morphological features does the Mongoloid race have?

Homework assignment. Prepare for the test. Topics for abstracts and presentations: “Bigfoot, hypotheses and facts”, “Fight for fire”, “Human races”, “Man of the future”, “The bones tell the story”, “Homeland of humanity” and others.

1) bilateral symmetry of the body
2) the digestive system with the mouth and anus
3)different types of mouthparts
4) body developing from three germ layers

2.The main significance of the mucus secreted by the skin glands of fish is
is
1) increased sensitivity of the lateral line organs
2) protect the scales from the settlement of unicellular algae on it
3) supplying scales with nutrients
4) reducing the friction of the fish’s body on the water

3.Which factor in human evolution is considered social?
1) hereditary variability
2) the struggle for existence
3) natural selection
4)development of the second signaling system

4How is the human chest cavity separated from the abdominal cavity?
1)peritoneum
2) ribs
3) diaphragm
4) pleura

In what lobe of the cerebral cortex are the centers that control
voluntary movements?
1)
frontal
2)
temporal
3)
occipital
4)
parietal

Participate in the formation of antibodies
1)
red blood cells
2)
platelets
3)
phagocytes
4)
lymphocytes

In which of the following vessels of the circulatory system is it observed?
lowest blood speed?
1)
inferior vena cava
2)
carotid artery
3)
aorta
4)
alveolar capillary

Which human organ can serve as a “model” for the manufacture of flexible
shower hoses?
1)
esophagus
2)
aorta
3)
trachea
4)
spine

In the process of plastic metabolism in the human body
1)
energy is released and ATP is synthesized
2)
glycogen is formed from glucose
3)
fats are converted into glycerol and fatty acids
4)
proteins are oxidized to water, carbon dioxide and ammonia

To what color are the retinal cones selectively sensitive?
1)
yellow
2)
orange
3)
green
4)
grey

You can get HIV infection
1)
while having lunch together
2)
during a conversation
3)
during sexual intercourse
4)
at the moment of a handshake

Determine the type of injury based on the following description: lower leg unnaturally
is inverted, increasing pain is observed, and develops at the site of injury
swelling, no movement.
1)
sprain
2)
sprained ankle
3)
soft tissue bruise of the leg
4)
open fracture with bone displacement

The appearance of the ozone screen in the Earth's biosphere was associated with
1)
the occurrence of the breathing process
2)
conversion of energy in food circuits
3)
the appearance of chlorophyll
4)
dispersal of living organisms over the entire land surface

Are the following statements about modified plant organs true?
A. Modified roots include rhizomes, tubers and bulbs.
B. Peas have tendrils, which are modified
leaves.
1)
only A is correct
2)
only B is correct
3)
both judgments are correct
4)
both judgments are wrong

What features are characteristic of representatives of the class Cartilaginous fish?
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are
indicated.
1)
absence of gill covers
2)
axial skeleton bony or osteochondral
3)
absence of swim bladder
4)
external fertilization only
5)
live in rivers, lakes, ponds
6)
live in seas and oceans

Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the type of cell for which it is
characteristic. To do this, for each element of the first column, select
position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
CHARACTER TYPE OF CELL

1)
plant cell
2)
mushroom cell

A)
presence of a cell wall made of chitin
B)
presence of plastids
IN)
presence of a cell wall made of cellulose
G)

starch
D)
the presence of a reserve substance in the form
glycogen

Put the processes involved in reproduction in the correct order.
and the development of the bird, starting with nesting. Write down in your answer
the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1)
laying eggs and incubating them by females
2)
fertilization of eggs in the female's oviducts by the seminal fluid of males
3)
building nests or repairing previously used ones
4)
the appearance of offspring and the manifestation of care for them
5)
formation of egg white and other membranes

Insert into the text “Human Nervous Tissue” the missing terms from
the proposed list, using digital designations.
Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then the resulting
Enter the sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.
HUMAN NERVOUS TISSUE
The main cells that form nervous tissue are called ___________ (A).
They consist of a body and cytoplasmic processes. One of the shoots
a nerve cell is usually longer than all the others, it is ___________ (B).
Also, one or several short, strong
branching processes; they are called ___________ (B). Cluster of bodies and
short processes in the central nervous system form
___________ (G).
LIST OF TERMS:
1)
satellite cells
2)
neurons
3)
nephrons
4)
dendrite
5)
axon
6)
Gray matter
7)
white matter
8)
ganglion

3) various types of oral organs 4) a body developing from three germ layers 2. The main significance of the mucus secreted by the skin glands of fish is 1) enhancing the sensitivity of the lateral line organs 2) protecting the scales from the settlement of unicellular algae on it 3) supplying the scales with nutrients substances 4) reducing friction between the fish’s body and water 3. Which factor in human evolution is considered social? 1) hereditary variability 2) struggle for existence 3) natural selection 4) development of the second signaling system 4 How is the human chest cavity separated from the abdominal cavity? 1) peritoneum 2) ribs 3) diaphragm 4) pleura In what lobe of the cerebral cortex are the centers that control voluntary movements located? 1) frontal 2) temporal 3) occipital 4) parietal 1) erythrocytes 2) platelets 3) phagocytes 4) lymphocytes take part in the formation of antibodies

primitive tools were made by a) Austrolopithecus b) Homo habilis c) Neanderthal d) Cro-Magnon 3.A person’s closest relative is a) orangutan b) macaque c) monkey d) limur 4. The first representative of the species Man is a) Diopithecines b) Australopithecines c) Neanderthals d) Cromvnonians

Human development: upright posture, increase in brain volume and complication of its organization, development of the hand, lengthening the period of growth and development.

A developed hand and a tool have advantages over animals.

Making fire individual behavior speech factor accelerated development increased brain volume.

Speech is a society, division of responsibilities between its members.

Factors of human anthropogenesis: biological and social.

Biological factors– hereditary variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection, as well as the mutation process. Morphological changes of the ape-like ancestor - anthropomorphoses.

Social factors (leading role)- work activity, social lifestyle, development of speech and thinking.

The formation of humans as a biological species passed through four main stages of evolution within the hominid family:

1. Predecessors of humans (australopithecus, Homo habilis);

2. The most ancient man (archanthropes);

3. Ancient man (paleanthropes);

4. Man of the modern type (neoanthropes).

At present, there is still no paleontological data to construct all the intermediate stages in the development of hominids that led to modern humans.

The entire Cenozoic era is characterized by the gradual development of primates. The descendants of the first forms of primates of the Tertiary period now constitute a suborder of the lower primates or prosimians. About 30 million years ago, a branch separated from prosimians, which later led to the formation of ancient apes. They were small animals that lived in trees and ate plants and insects. From them descended all modern anthropoids and the subsequently extinct group of arboreal monkeys - Dryopithecus.

Dryopithecus lived approximately 25 million years ago in southern Asia and Europe, in Africa. An analysis of the finds shows that Dryopithecus had similarities with both apes and humans.

In addition to Dryopithecus, there were also Ramapithecus, which were rather small creatures that moved on four limbs. The height reached 100 - 110 cm, and the weight of an adult did not exceed 18 - 22 kg. The brain volume was 350 - 380 cm. Ramapithecines were inhabitants of open spaces. They may have used primitive tools (sticks, stones), but they were not processed.

Human Precursor Stage. Australopithecines are the most ancient, transitional forms of higher animals from monkeys to humans, found in South Africa and extinct about 1 million years ago. The common ancestor of all australopithecus is Australopithecus ramidus, which was followed by Apharensis. This Australopithecus gave different directions of evolution: 1) Australopithecus - African, Ethiopian, Robustus and 2) Homo homo, erectus. Australopithecines were relatively large organisms (weight approximately 20 -65 kg, height 100 - 150 cm). Their evolution continued for a very long time > 3 million years. They walked on short legs with their bodies straightened. The brain mass reached 450 g in some species, which is more than that of modern apes. Australopithecines lived in open spaces, where they hunted and collected plant food. In their activities they used large pebbles, as well as long bones of large ungulates; the lower jaws and shoulder blades of the same animals were used for cutting and chopping. Australopithecines were omnivores. There are finds indicating their use of fire. In a number of ways, Australopithecines were closer to humans than modern apes.

Archanthrope stage(ancient people). Their ancestors were various branches of the species Homo habilis. The most ancient people are united into one species - Homo erectus. Quite a significant number of forms of ancient people have been studied. The most famous are: Pithecanthropus (Java), Sinanthropus (China), Heidelberg man (Northern Europe), Atlantropus (Algeria), etc. Outwardly they were similar to modern people, although they had significant differences: powerful development of the brow ridge, the absence of a real chin protrusion, low forehead and flat nose. The volume of the brain was approximately 1000 cm. The average height of an adult archanthropus was almost 160 cm, but forms are known that significantly exceed these dimensions.

Apxanthropes widely used tools in their activities, such as axes and pointed points. They successfully hunted large mammals and birds. They lived mainly in caves and were able to build primitive shelters from large stones. A fire was usually maintained at permanent camp sites. Cannibalism existed within populations - eating their own kind. Joint work activity and a herd lifestyle led to further development of the brain, the size of which gave scientists reason to assume that these people must have had real, albeit very primitive speech.

After a period of maximum prosperity 600 - 400 thousand years ago, these people quickly died out, giving rise to a new branch - the Neanderthals (ancient people).

Paleoanthropus stage(ancient people). There are several groups of ancient people. Neanderthals have been well studied. The name of this species Neanderthal Man (Homosapiensncandertales) is associated with the Neanderthal Valley in Germany, where the remains of these people were first found (19th century). Neanderthals lived 20,035 thousand years ago. The era of the Great Glaciation coincided with the era of the Neanderthals. From the beginning of its emergence, this species gave rise to two branches of evolution: one was represented by large, physically developed people, but in terms of brain structure they were closer to ancient people; they were a dead-end branch of evolution. People of the other branch were smaller and less physically developed, but in terms of brain structure and morphological characteristics they were closer to modern humans. They are characterized by: a low sloping forehead, a low occiput, a continuous supraorbital ridge, a large face with widely spaced eyes, usually weak development of the chin protuberance, and large teeth. Their height reached 160 cm, their muscles were unusually well developed. The large head seems to be pulled into the shoulders.

They lived in large herds, they had a division of labor between men (making tools, hunting, making fire, protection) and women (gathering wild fruits and roots), speech was still primitive, but logical thinking was already developed. They built simple dwellings, protected themselves from the cold with clothes made from animal skins, and made more advanced flint and bone tools.

Neanderthals buried their dead or deceased fellow tribesmen. Neanderthals suddenly disappeared 40 - 35 thousand years ago. They are believed to have been partially exterminated by modern humans.

Neoanthropus stage. This name refers to both fossil forms of humans of the modern physical type and living people. Cro-Magnons are the first modern people belonging to the species Homo sapiens. The first find was made in the south of France near the town of Cro-Magnon. The appearance of Cro-Magnons dates back to 40 -30 thousand years BC. e. These people had the appearance of modern people, characterized by the absence of brow ridges, the presence of a chin, and a straight forehead. Their height was about 180 cm. The Cro-Magnons had a good command of speech, and they developed fine arts. The most important contribution of these people to the history of mankind was their habituation of a number of animals and the development of agriculture, breeding cultivated plants.

Paleontological finds indicate that during the period of the emergence of modern humans, the last Neanderthals also lived out their lives. In particular, skeletal remains of hybrids between Neanderthals and modern humans were found in Palestine.

Starting with the Cro-Magnons, biological evolution increasingly turns into social (social) evolution. As a result of the progressive development of Cro-Magnon man, modern man with characteristic racial characteristics appeared.