Guttural sounds. Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Guttural sounds

In own sense - sounds formed in the glottis (in the upper part of the larynx) due to the friction of air on the vocal cords, either loose or only partially tense, as a result of which a non-musical noise is produced when exhaled air passes through them. In European languages. to G. 3. belongs, etc., aspiration ( lat. letter A), known in both Belarusian and Ukrainian. (letter g); several different G. 3. have Semitic languages. In unowned sense G. 3. often, although inaccurately, called. palatal ( postopalatine And midpalatal, see) consonant sounds.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Guttural sounds

(Latin Gutturales verae, German Kehlkopflaute) - are formed in the larynx (see) by the activity of the vocal cords. The larynx (the glottis itself) has the following four articulations: 1) the glottis is wide open and freely allows exhaled air to pass through - an indifferent position observed during free breathing, during sleep and wakefulness; It doesn't produce any sounds. 2) The glottis is so narrowed that the exhaled air, passing through it, rubs against its edges and produces a rustling or rustling sound (non-musical noise). This is how G. spirants are formed (see): German. h (not ch= back lingual spirant) and close to it: English. h, Arabic "husky" h; Greek was probably pronounced the same way. spiritus asper ("). With closer approximation of the ligaments, G. non-musical noise is obtained (Flüsterstimme of German sound physiologists), which plays the same basic role in whispering (see) as the vocal tone has in ordinary speech. - 3) The glottis is narrowed even more moreover, so that the vocal cords are driven by exhaled air into sound vibrations.This is how various types, or registers, of voices (in singing) and the vocal tone are formed, which underlies all vowels, the so-called smooth (r, l) and nasal (m, n ) consonants and generally all voiced(see) sounds. - 4) The glottis is closed, and the vocal cords, closely adjacent to each other, open under the pressure of exhaled air with a slight instantaneous noise: this is how G. explosive (explosivae) consonants are formed: I) instantaneous noise, which in Slavic languages ​​precedes any initial vowel ( is not indicated in writing) and gives the Germans a reason to say about the Slavs that they pronounce each initial vowel with aspiration (in Germanic languages, initial vowels are pronounced with the glottis already open); II) Semitic aleph(Arabic) hamza). The same was probably the Greek spiritus lenis (“”). Perhaps G. R, described by various sound physiologists (Brücke, Merkel, etc.) and found not only as an individual feature of pronunciation, but also in living speech in general (London accent, among the Danes, etc.). It is obtained if, descending to the extreme limits of the range of the voice, one goes beyond its lowest note, so that the vocal cords no longer begin to sound in the usual way characteristic of them, but in separate intermittent impulses. In addition to the sounds described by G., in Russian not only school, but often even scientific terminology, the term G. sounds also means sounds formed not in the larynx by the vocal cords, but in the oral cavity by the back of the tongue and palate, i.e. consonants posterior lingual (cm.): k, g, x etc. From the previous it is clear that this use of this term is scientifically completely incorrect.

English teacher: JenniferESL
Video lesson duration: 10 minutes 52 seconds

I'm at the public library in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Behind me is a very special fountain. He's called Barefoot Boy Barefoot Boy. As you know the word fountain in English it has 2 pronunciation options. Commonly used - with true t. Another variant in which this sound seems to have dropped out can be heard in fast speech. It is more common in colloquial American English. How to make it so that you get the sound that you hear in the second version of pronunciation fountain?

This is the topic of our lesson today - the glottal stop [ʔ] instead of [t].

When I say the word fountain, I use the glottal stop. I have already mentioned it in previous lessons (about words can And can't). If you say two common expressions uh-oh And ah-ah(exclams of surprise and disagreement), then you will get just a glottal stop, which is otherwise called a “hard attack”. To do this, you need to use the larynx. Here inside you need to block the air flow, as it were, to stop the sound. It's like holding your breath, not with your lips, but here, in the depths of your larynx. Try to hold your breath in this place. If you manage to hold your breath at the back of your throat, this is exactly what you need to do to block the air flow.

Let's repeat how the glottal stop is made

• Stop the air flow in the larynx.
• Try to hold your breath, but not with your lips or tongue, but with the force of your laryngeal muscles.
• Release the air by relaxing your muscles.

The glottal stop replaces the sound [t]. Instead of true t in the word fountain we will pronounce the glottal stop [ʔ]. Hold the air in your larynx. This moment is the beginning of the glottal stop. Now do it in a word foun-tain. Now say it faster.

When is the glottal stop used?

You will understand this during the first exercise.

Exercise 1

We use the glottal stop in these 3 common combinations (listen and repeat):

uh-oh- expression of surprise;

uh-uh– denial in informal communication;

uh, uh, uh!- a warning or remark in informal communication.

We use a glottal stop before the sound [n] when it is a syllabic unstressed sound. Listen and repeat the following words:

fountain

important

We also use a glottal stop before the final t. Listen and repeat:

I can't(at the end of the phrase).

If you'll find it, call me(before a pause).

Let me know(before a consonant).

Note: the sound [t] at the end is not necessarily a glottal stop. This can be true without exhaling too much.

Do you remember how to pronounce true t? What is flap t? Let's repeat.

I would like to remind you how to pronounce the true t sound. The key point is the position of the tongue. The tip of the tongue is located opposite the tubercles at the top behind the front upper teeth. When the tip of the tongue touches the tubercles, it creates an obstruction to the air flow. When the tongue moves away from them, air is released. You can feel the exhalation by placing your palm in front of your lips. Say [t], [t] - and feel the exhalation on your fingers.

If the sound [t] is at the end of a word, for example, in good night, exhalation can occur, but it is much weaker (if at all). It is not nearly as strong as when pronouncing [t] at the beginning of a word. Let's compare as an example with another word - a proper noun Tom. When we say Tom, a very strong exhalation is felt: Tom. And when I say good night, it is practically invisible. The tip of the tongue also breaks away from the alveolar tubercles, but less energetically. This is the difference between pronouncing [t] at the beginning and at the end of a word.

You also need to understand that when [t] is at the end of a word (as in good night), Americans often replace this sound with a glottal stop. In such cases, we do not discuss at all whether the air flow is strong or weak, we do not talk about the position of the tongue relative to the alveolar tubercles. We are only talking about the fact that the air flow is delayed in the larynx. Listen to what it sounds like: good night. [t] as if cut off, the sound stops here, at the back of the throat. The consonant sound at the end of the word is not missed at all, it is there, but it is very short, as if it was stuck in my throat.

So, we have looked at all the options for pronouncing [t] in American English. We were talking about

1. true t,
2. true t at the end of a word with a weak exhalation,
3. replacing the final [t] with a glottal stop.

Remember also that in combination, when [t] is between two vowels (vowel + [t] + unstressed vowel), Americans often replace it with the sound flap [t]. Remember, we looked at this sound in the word little? Compare with the phrase good night. Before an unstressed vowel sound [t] in a word night will be replaced with a flap t sound. For example, Good night, everyone.

Exercise 2

How is the [t] sound pronounced in each of the following statements? Sample: What can Tom do? It has 2 sounds [t]. We need to choose a pronunciation option for each of them. The first of these is the sound at the end of a word before the next consonant. Therefore, the glottal stop must be used. The other is [t] at the beginning of a word. This is true. Listen to the sentence and read it after me.

Now look at these 5 sentences yourself. Pronounce them using one of the pronunciation options [t].

1. Betty needs a little help today.
2. Patrick can't remember his doctor's name.
3. Tim and Kurt need to stop fighting over toys.
4. Are you certain you want one?(note that in the second case the glottal stop is formed before the consonant [w])
5. Stop it!

In this exercise we practiced pronouncing the flap t and glottal stop sounds. These are sounds typical of modern American pronunciation. If you can reproduce them, that's great. If you have difficulty or notice that the sound [t] becomes unclear and the word becomes unclear, it is better to use true t. In this case, you will certainly be understood correctly. And only when you are really good at these variants of the [t] sound and there is no danger of misunderstanding, pronounce them “in the American way.”

Exercise 3

Additional training of the laryngeal stop. Look. Listen. Repeat.

Jennifer will sew on a button. She needs to be certain the thread is long enough. Jennifer thinks it's important to sort through these clothes. A hat and mittens for her daughter. A hat and mittens for her son. A hat and mittens for herself.(Note that in fast speech and often sounds like -n-). The curtains are closed. Jennifer opened the curtains and then straightened her shirt.

That's all for today. Thank you and good luck with your studies.

LAYOUT SOUNDS

(Latin Gutturales verae, German Kehlkopflaute) ? are formed in the larynx (see) by the activity of the vocal cords. The larynx (the glottis itself) has the following four articulations: 1) is the glottis wide open and freely allows exhaled air to pass through? indifferent position observed during free breathing, during sleep and wakefulness; It doesn't produce any sounds. 2) The glottis is so narrowed that the exhaled air, passing through it, rubs against its edges and produces a rustling or rustling sound (non-musical noise). This is how G. spirants are formed (see): German. h (not ch = back lingual spirant) and similar ones: English. h, Arabic "husky" h; Greek was probably pronounced the same way. spiritus asper ("). With closer approximation of the ligaments, G. non-musical noise is obtained (Flusterstimme of German sound physiologists), which plays the same basic role in whispering (see) as the vocal tone has in ordinary speech. ? 3) The glottis is narrowed even more moreover, so that the vocal cords are driven by exhaled air into sound vibrations.This is how various types, or registers, of voices (in singing) and the vocal tone are formed, which underlies all vowels, the so-called smooth (r, l) and nasal (m, n ) consonants and, in general, all voiced (see) sounds. ? 4) The glottis is closed, and the vocal cords, closely adjacent to each other, open under the pressure of exhaled air with a slight instantaneous noise: this is how G. explosive (explosivae) consonants are formed: I ) instantaneous noise that precedes every initial vowel in Slavic languages ​​(it is not indicated in writing) and gives the Germans a reason to say about the Slavs that they pronounce each initial vowel with aspiration (in Germanic languages, initial vowels are pronounced with the glottis already open); II) Semitic aleph (Arabic hamza). The same was probably the Greek spiritus lenis (“”). Perhaps also G. r, described by various physiologists of sound (Brucke, Merkel, etc.) and found not only as an individual feature of pronunciation, but also in living speech in general (London accent , among the Danes, etc.) It is obtained if, descending to the extreme limits of the range of the voice, one goes beyond its lowest note, so that the vocal cords no longer begin to sound in the usual way characteristic of them, but in separate intermittent impulses. sounds, in Russian not only school, but often even scientific terminology, the term G. sounds also means sounds formed not in the larynx by the vocal cords, but in the oral cavity by the back of the tongue and palate, i.e. e. back-lingual consonants (see): k, g, x, etc. From the previous it is clear that this use of this term is scientifically completely incorrect.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what LAYOUT SOUNDS are in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• LAYOUT SOUNDS
  (Latin Gutturales verae, German Kehlkopflaute) - are formed in the larynx (see) by the activity of the vocal cords. The larynx (the glottis itself) has the following four...
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• LINGOTAL POLYPIC FORCEPS in Medical terms:
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  Shield with elongated curved branches and oval, flat-closing jaws with fine notches; designed to remove foreign bodies from...
• PHONETICS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (from Greek ????????? = sound, voice) - a department of linguistics that studies the sound side of language. This term is not precise and defined enough. ...
• CONSONANT SOUNDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (lat. consonantes). - A current definition, inherited from ancient grammatical theory and expressed in a Latin term, which received a universal translation...
• SPEECH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  is formed in the oral cavity and pharynx" due to a change in their outline and shape, and if the vocal apparatus is involved, ...
• FROGLINGUAL SOUNDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (linguales priores) - consonant sounds of human speech, during the pronunciation of which the active organ is the front part of the tongue. Language with these sounds...
• PALATAL SOUNDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or palatal (lat. palatales) - sounds of human speech (vowels and consonants), produced with the passive participation of the palate. Since the active role...
• VOWEL SOUNDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  are formed from a musical tone, the result of the activity of the vocal cords (the so-called vocal tone), modified by various positions of the oral cavity, which plays in ...
• PHONETICS
  (from Greek ????????? = sound, voice) ? a department of linguistics that studies the sound side of language. This term is not precise and defined enough. ...
• CONSONANT SOUNDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (lat. consonantes). ? A current definition, inherited from ancient grammatical theory and expressed in a Latin term, which received a universal translation ...
• SPEECH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? is formed in the oral cavity and pharynx" due to a change in their outline and shape, and if the vocal tract is involved...
• FROGLINGUAL SOUNDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (linguales priores) ? consonant sounds of human speech, during the pronunciation of which the active organ is the front part of the tongue. Language with these sounds...
• PALATAL SOUNDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  or palatal (lat. palatales)? sounds of human speech (vowels and consonants) produced with the passive participation of the palate. Since the active role...
• VOWEL SOUNDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? are formed from a musical tone, the result of the activity of the vocal cords (the so-called vocal tone), modified by various positions of the oral cavity, which plays ...
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• ARABIC in the Literary Encyclopedia:
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• TRACHEA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
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