Books on the Armenian language. The history of the emergence and differences of the Armenian language from other GDZ on the Armenian language

The proposed book is intended for self-study of Armenian
language. It is designed for a wide range of people who speak Russian, not
presupposes special linguistic training, but takes into account knowledge
Russian grammar in the scope of the secondary school curriculum.
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Armenian alphabet, sound
composition and basics of grammar of the Armenian language, introduce lexical
at a minimum, teach how to read and translate simple texts without a dictionary, and with
vocabulary - and more complex ones, develop basic skills in constructing
correct oral speech, i.e. learn to speak Armenian.
The self-instruction manual consists of an introduction, introductory phonetic and basic courses,
including 15 lessons.
The introduction provides general information about the Armenian language and writing.
The introductory phonetic course contains the alphabet, general information about sound
composition of the Armenian language and five lessons, which are mainly devoted to phonetics.
They will introduce you to the peculiarities of pronunciation of Armenian sounds and words, their
spelling and with regular alternations of sounds. Special attention
is devoted to teaching sounds characteristic of the Armenian language and
missing in Russian. To facilitate the assimilation of material when
comparison of Armenian sounds with Russian ones are not taken into account
minor differences in their pronunciation. Description of the sounds of Armenian
languages ​​other than Russian are given in comparison with their similar
sounding Russian sounds. The authors consider this method more fruitful,
than a detailed description of the exact pronunciation of these sounds, which for persons
familiar with phonetics, would be incomprehensible and would deprive them of the opportunity even
Pronounce Armenian words approximately correctly. Here you
You will also get acquainted with the peculiarities of Armenian syllable formation and stress,
knowledge of which is necessary for mastering the correct pronunciation of words, and with
features of Armenian punctuation.
Phonetics lessons also contain lexical material, which
transcription and translation are given, and grammar is introduced
material. This phonetic course structure gives you the opportunity to
After completing the phonetics course, master a minimum vocabulary, understand and
compose elementary sentences, read and translate simple
texts.
The main course (lessons 6-15) contains grammar material, texts
to develop oral speech skills, to get acquainted with Armenia and its
culture, literary texts, comments, information on
word formation and exercises to reinforce lesson material.
Lessons are built on the principle of gradually increasing the complexity of vocabulary and
grammatical material. To make learning easier, here is
comparison with the Russian language, with special attention paid to
correspondences and differences between the phonetic and grammatical structure of the two
languages.
The self-instruction manual comes with texts for reading with vocabulary
grammatical comments to them, samples of declension, conjugation and
participial forms, table of letter designations of numerals, key to
lesson exercises, Armenian-Russian and Russian-Armenian dictionaries.
The Armenian-Russian dictionary contains all the words of the lessons, their transcription and
grammatical characteristics. Russian-Armenian dictionary contains
only those words that are necessary to complete the exercises.
The lesson material offered to you is designed for a year of study, but this period
may be shortened or increased. With systematic training you
You will be able to fully understand this material.

Name: Self-instruction manual of the Armenian language.

The proposed book is intended for self-study of the Armenian language. It is designed for a wide range of people who speak Russian; it does not require special linguistic training, but takes into account knowledge of Russian grammar within the scope of the secondary school curriculum.
The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize yourself with the Armenian alphabet, sound composition and basic grammar of the Armenian language, introduce a lexical minimum, teach how to read and translate simple texts without a dictionary, and more complex ones with a dictionary, develop basic skills in constructing correct oral speech, i.e. learn to speak Armenian.

To make learning the Armenian language easier using this tutorial, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with some methodological instructions.

We begin learning the Armenian language with an introductory phonetic course. Work through this course carefully, lesson by lesson. Read the explanations carefully and practice pronunciation of sounds by reading phonetic exercises aloud and paying special attention to the pronunciation of sounds characteristic of the Armenian language and absent in Russian.

Since the Armenian alphabet differs from both the Latin and Russian, becoming familiar with the sounds, learn to simultaneously read printed and write handwritten letters using the examples given in the lessons. To facilitate your work in the introductory phonetics course, a transcription is given for all words and sentences. Learn transcription signs as they will help you learn the Armenian alphabet, pronounce sounds, read words and sentences.

Table of contents.
Preface. 3
Methodical guide to self-instruction. 5
Introduction. 8
Introductory phonetics course. 18
Lesson 1. 24
Lesson 2. 35
Lesson 3. 52
Lesson 4. 70
Lesson 5. 93
Lesson 6. 115
Lesson 7. 133
Lesson 8. 154
Lesson 9. 171
Lesson 10. 193
Lesson 11. 216
Lesson 12. 235
Lesson 13. 254
Lesson 14. 278
Lesson 15 298
Texts for reading. 319
Armenian-Russian dictionary. 344
Russian-Armenian dictionary. 424

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Download the book Self-instruction manual of the Armenian language - Parnasyan N.A., Manukyan Zh.K. - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• All the difficulties of the English language, self-instruction dictionary, 2010 - The self-instruction dictionary includes educational sections that present an analysis of the use of various tense forms of the verb, modal verbs, articles, as well as subtleties ... English Dictionaries, Vocabularies

The Armenian language belongs to the group of Indo-European languages. It is unique in its origin. Those who do not consider themselves Armenians do not communicate in Armenian. Therefore, having distinguished Armenian speech anywhere, you can be absolutely sure of the nationality of the speakers. In isolated cases, this will be someone who, due to their professional activities, needed to speak the Armenian language.

The national alphabet contains 39 letters, and the sound range is represented by 30 consonants and 6 vowels phonemes.

Almost all sounds correspond to graphic symbols. The exceptions are the letters ե, ո, և, which denote sound combinations (they are heard as ye, vo, yev).

Vowels in the Armenian language are almost identical in pronunciation to Russian ones. The exception is the letter ը, which is reproduced approximately like the first “o” in the word “milk”.

Pronouncing ը correctly is fundamentally important. The phoneme is used to create and divide syllables in complex groupings of consonants (for example, between unpronounceable ones). It is also written to indicate transfer. This rule is called the "hidden syllable". According to a grammatical feature, if there are two consonants at the beginning of a word, they are separated by a small overtone. This is a characteristic feature of national articulation, and not an attempt to facilitate pronunciation.

Vowels are divided into front, middle and back rows. This classification describes in which part of the mouth sounds are produced. They are also divided by elevation, determining where the tongue is located at the moment of pronunciation - closer or farther from the palate. Unstressed vowels in national pronunciation do not become shorter or more vague.

The system of consonants differs much more strongly from the Russian version. For example, they are not divided into hard and soft, there is no rule for replacing voiced consonants in a verbal ending with a paired unvoiced sound.

The stress is almost always on the last syllable. To indicate interrogative intonation or logical stress, superscript marks ՞ and ՛ are used. The second sign is also used to indicate circulation. The exclamation is indicated by the sign ՜ above the final vowel of the accented word.

The sentences have a fairly variable sequence of words. Determining the semantic load affects the location of the auxiliary verb. It is placed after the logically selected word.

Nouns, as in Russian, have 2 numbers. But a number of dialects have retained traces of the dual number, which is used to denote two paired objects (for example, body parts). 8 types of declension and 7 cases are used. There is no grammatical gender, that is, nouns do not have gender characteristics.

The Armenian language has a postpositive article. For most peoples, the article is placed before the noun and is called the prepositive. And if it is placed at the end of a word, it is called postpositive.

Language for the people is not only written and spoken language. This is the most important circumstance that determines the self-awareness of a nation and its progress. The Armenian language clearly demonstrates that the process of the emergence and formation of a people was completed in ancient times. It reflects the memory of universal cultural values ​​and has absorbed the wealth of history and literature. The vocabulary continues to expand, adding new terms. All this testifies to the vitality of the Armenian language and its propensity for further development.

The Armenian language is a language belonging to the Indo-European family, the Paleo-Balkan branch, the Greco-Phrygian-Armenian group, the Phrygian-Armenian subgroup. It is the state language of Armenia. The Armenian language has a very extensive geography: the number of speakers around the world significantly exceeds the country's population. Countries with the largest number of Armenian speakers outside Armenia:

• Russia;
• France;
• Lebanon;
• Georgia;
• Iran.

Before the appearance of the first written sources about the Armenian language, little information was preserved. However, the first written mentions of the Armenian people are found in documents dating back to the 6th century. BC. Due to the fact that the periods of emergence of the oral and written forms of the language do not coincide, it is not possible to unambiguously answer the question of where the history of the Armenian language originates. Most scientists identify several periods of language formation:

• pre-Grabar (from antiquity to the 5th century AD - pre-literate period);
• Grabarsky (from the 5th to the 12th centuries - the first centuries after the advent of writing);
• Middle Armenian (from the 12th to the 19th centuries);
• New Armenian (from XIX to the present day).

Before the advent of writing, Armenian documents reached us only using the letters of the Greek, Syriac, and Persian alphabet. In the 5th century AD linguist and priest Mesrop Mashtots developed. In this regard, Grabar, the classical or ancient Armenian language, has received significant development - the most ancient form of the Armenian language, preserved in written sources and extant to the present day. The first printed book in Armenian, “Urbatagirk,” was published by Hakob Megapart in 1512 in Venice.

Features of the Armenian language

The Armenian language has a number of features that significantly distinguish it from other languages:

• At the end of a sentence in the Armenian language there is not a period, but a colon;
• Many sounds in the Armenian language have no analogues in any language in the world;
• There are not many languages ​​in the world that contain 39 letters in the alphabet;
• For almost two millennia, the Armenian alphabet has remained virtually unchanged
• no significant changes;
• The Armenian language contains 120 roots, thanks to which material from any language can be translated into it;
• In Armenia there is a special holiday dedicated to the Armenian language and writing and is called the “Translator's Holiday”. This fact testifies to the high level of written culture of the Armenian people;
• Armenian is the only language in which the title of the Bible refers to God. Literally translated, Astvatsashunch (Armenian “Bible”) means “Breath of God.”

Modifiers and punctuation

In addition to having a special alphabet, the Armenian language is also distinguished from the languages ​​of the Indo-European family by its punctuation system. Most of the punctuation marks in modern Armenian go back to the Grabar punctuation. The end of a sentence is indicated by a colon, and a period in Armenian performs the function of a comma in Russian. Question and exclamation marks are placed not at the end of the sentence, but above the vowel in the last syllable of the intonationally emphasized word.

Numbers and numbers of the Armenian language

The Armenian number system uses capital letters of the alphabet. The old system did not have the number zero. The last letters of the Armenian alphabet, “O” (Օ) and “fe” (Ֆ), were added to its composition after the appearance of Arabic numerals and therefore have no numerical value. In modern Armenia, familiar Arabic numerals are used.

Grammar

The grammar of the Armenian language also has a number of features. Nouns vary in number and case, but do not have gender characteristics. The Armenian language uses a postpositive article. In most languages, the article is placed before the noun and is prepositive. If an article is used after a noun, it is called postpositive.
The syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is expressed through agreement, control, and partly word order. The Armenian language belongs to the group of nominative languages. The word order is quite variable. The stress is almost always placed on the last syllable.

Phonetics

The phonetics of the Armenian language implies the presence of:

• Affricate (compound consonants ձ, ծ, ց, ջ, ճ, չ).
• Aspirate (voiceless aspirated consonants փ, թ, ք).
• The back lingual fricative consonants are the voiceless խ (х) and the voiced ղ.
• Laryngeal aspiration – հ.

Classification of dialects

Modern Armenian has various dialects. In total there are about 60 varieties of them. Some dialects of the Armenian language are so different from each other that speakers may well not understand each other. There are many principles for classifying Armenian dialects, but traditionally the language is divided into two directions: eastern and western.
The Eastern Armenian dialect is widespread in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Iran. Western Armenian is used in eastern Turkey, Europe and the USA. In addition to the traditional, the Armenian linguist R.A. Acharyan differentiated the Armenian dialects also according to the following principle (using the example of the verb gnal - “to go”):

• um dialects (gnum em);
• kə dialects (kə gnam);
• l dialects (gnal em).

The difference between the western (USA, Mediterranean) and eastern (Armenia, Iran) versions of the new literary Armenian language is noted at all levels, especially phonetically.
Phonetically, the eastern version of the literary Armenian language is closer to the ancient Armenian language (grabar) than the western one, but unified graphics and spelling ensure mutual understanding among speakers of both variants. The main difference between them is that in the Western version, secondary devoicing of voiced plosive consonants occurred: b, d, g moved to p, t, k.
The eastern version has 6 vowels and 30 consonant phonemes, incl. 9 plosives, 6 affricates, differing in voicelessness, voicedness and aspiration, 2 nasals and a series of fricatives.
Literary variants of the Armenian language also differ in the formation of some cases, verb paradigms (the eastern one uses analytical constructions more widely), in the use of articles, prepositions, etc. Lexical differences are also deepening.

The page uses materials from the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary.
Additional links about the Armenian language are collected