Who ruled 1462 1505. Unified State Exam
1462-1505 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich in Moscow.
John III Vasilyevich - Grand Duke of Moscow, son of Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark and Maria Yaroslavovna, b. 22 Jan 1440, was a co-ruler of his father in the last years of his life, ascended to the grand-ducal throne before the death of Vasily, in 1462. Having become an independent ruler, he continued the policies of his predecessors, striving for the unification of Rus' under the leadership of Moscow and, for this purpose, destroying appanage principalities and independence of the veche regions, as well as entering into a stubborn struggle with Lithuania over the Russian lands that had joined it.
Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi (nicknamed Goryai) - 3rd son of the Grand Duke of Moscow, Vasily the Dark, b. in 1446, † in 1493. After the death of his father († in 1462) he received Uglich, Zvenigorod and Bezhetsk as an inheritance.
Boris Vasilyevich - Prince of Volotsk or Volokolamsk, the sixth of the seven sons of Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark, Grand Prince. Moscow, from his marriage with Maria Yaroslavovna, Princess Borovskaya. Born in Moscow on July 21, 1449. After the death of his father (in 1462), he received as an inheritance Volokolamsk, Rzhev, Ruza, as well as the volosts and villages of Marya Goltyaeva, his maternal grandmother.
The march of the Moscow governors to the Perm land.
1462-1505 - the period of reign in the Moscow Principality of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich, known as Ivan the Great.
The main directions of Ivan III's active foreign policy were western and eastern. In the West, the goals of foreign policy were the return of primordially Russian lands to the rule of Moscow and the strengthening of Russia's international position. To return Russian territories, several wars were fought with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: in 1487-1494. and 1500-1503, with the Livonian Order in 1501-1503. In addition, a number of diplomatic agreements were concluded with the German Empire and Hungary. For joint actions against Lithuania, an agreement was concluded with the Crimean Khanate, which had separated from the Horde. In order to strengthen the international prestige of Russia (mainly in Europe), Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus. In the east, the main task was liberation from the Horde yoke. To this end, in 1476 Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde, and in 1480 he repelled the attack of Khan Akhmat on the Ugra River.
The internal policy of Ivan III was aimed at the final unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the centralization of power and administration. Continuing the policy of his predecessors, Ivan III, both peacefully and militarily, annexed to the Moscow state: in 1463 - the Yaroslavl principality, 1474 - the Rostov principality, in 1478 - the Novgorod land, in 1485 - the Tver principality, in 1489 - Vyatka and Perm lands. In addition, the independence of the Pskov and Ryazan principalities was significantly curtailed.
The united Russian state needed unified legislation, a unified management system, and unified symbols. In this regard, in 1497, the Code of Laws was adopted - a single set of laws. The formation of a system of central state government bodies - orders - began. The double-headed eagle began to be used as the coat of arms of the Russian state. Under Ivan III, serious changes took place in the economy and social relations: the possibility of peasant transition was legally limited, landownership developed, and the political importance of the nobility increased.
The period of the reign of Ivan III by historians, for example N.M. Karamzin, assessed as successful: almost all Russian lands (with the exception of the Ryazan and Pskov principalities, which retained only formal independence) were united around Moscow; a unified system of management and legislation was created; part of the original Russian territories was returned: the Chernigov and Seversky lands previously captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the Horde yoke was overthrown; Russia's international authority has grown significantly. All this was achieved thanks to the outstanding political, diplomatic and military abilities of Ivan III, whom N. M. Karamzin, following the chronicler, deservedly calls the Great for the results of his activities.
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Preamble
Ivan III created the national Great Russian State
Son of Vasily the Dark. Ivan III reigned for 43 years. The accession to the grand-ducal throne of Ivan (John) III in 1462 is called the time of Muscovite Rus', or Great Russian State. During the reign of Ivanov's successor, Pskov and its region were annexed to Moscow (1510), in 1514 - the Smolensk principality, and finally, in 1517-1523, the Chernigov and Seversky principalities were included among the direct possessions of Moscow. The completion of the territorial gathering of northeastern Rus' by Moscow turned the Moscow principality into national Great Russian state and thus informed the Grand Duke of Moscow of the importance of the national Great Russian sovereign.
As a result, the external position of the Moscow Principality changed. Until now, it was covered from almost all sides from external enemies by Russian principalities or lands of free urban communities. So, from the north, Moscow was covered by the Tver principality; from the northeast and east - Yaroslavl, Rostov and until the end of the 15th century. – Nizhny Novgorod; from the south - Ryazan and small principalities along the Upper Oka; from the west - Smolensk, from the north-west - the lands of Novgorod and Pskov. From the middle of the 15th century all these external covers disappear, and The Principality of Moscow remains alone with foreign states.
Completion of the territorial gathering of northeastern Rus' by Moscow
turned the Moscow principality into the national Great Russian state
In connection with this change in the external position of the principality, the foreign policy of the Moscow princes also changed. Since the time of Ivan III, Moscow policy has taken a broader path: the Moscow state has established diplomatic relations with foreign, Western European states: Poland, Lithuania, Sweden, with the Teutonic and Livonian orders, with the German Emperor, etc.
Thus, thanks to the new territorial acquisitions of the Moscow princes, firstly, the external position of the Moscow principality changed, and secondly, the tasks of Moscow’s foreign policy became more complicated. Now that Rus' has formed a single political whole on its land, the question arose about the political unification of the entire Russian land. And from here arises the age-old struggle of the neighboring Slavic states: Rus' and Poland. A simple list of Moscow's wars with Poland and then with Lithuania under Ivan III and his two immediate successors shows how much heavy historical foresight was in his Crimean statement.
He declared in Crimea that Moscow and Lithuania could not have a lasting peace until the Moscow prince restored his homeland, the entire Russian land beyond Lithuania; What the struggle will be punctuated only by truces to restore strength to catch your breath. So, two wars occurred under Ivan III himself, two under his son Vasily, one during the reign of Vasilyeva’s widow Elena Glinskaya, and under Ivan IV the war with Livonia, accompanied by a long war, more precisely, two wars, with Poland, which absorbed him for about 20 years reign.
In total, in ninety years, from 1492 to 1582, no less than forty went to fight against Lithuania and Poland. Such was the price of creating a new, strong Russian state on the map of Europe at the beginning of the 16th century.
Ivan III married Sophia Paleologus in 1472
Ivan III was married twice. His first wife was the sister of his neighbor, the Grand Duke of Tver, Marya Borisovna. After her death in 1467, Ivan began to look for another wife - further away and more important. At that time, the orphan niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Fominichna Paleolog, lived in Rome. Despite the fact that the Greeks, since the Union of Florence, have greatly have lost themselves in Russian Orthodox eyes, and Sophia lived so close to the hated Pope, in such a suspicious church society, Ivan III, overcoming his religious disgust, sent the princess out of Italy and married her in 1472.
1462-1505 - the era of the reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich the Great. Under him, the territorial formation of the core of the future Russian state with its center in Moscow was almost completed.
Having received power in 1462, Ivan III immediately began to further expand the territory. In 1463 he took possession of the Yaroslavl lands.
Free Novgorod remained Moscow's main rival. Novgorodians were afraid to start a war with strong Moscow alone, so they entered into an agreement with King Casimir of Lithuania, placing the city under his protection and intercession.
The ambassadors who arrived from Moscow were expelled in disgrace. In response, Ivan III began a military campaign. In 1471, in the battle of the river. Sheloni Novgorodians suffered a crushing defeat, and Ivan III continued to move towards Novgorod. The promised Lithuanian military assistance did not come, and the Novgorodians requested a truce. According to the peace treaty, Novgorod pledged to end all relations with Lithuania, transferred part of the Dvina lands and had to pay a large indemnity.
In 1472, Ivan III entered into a very profitable dynastic marriage: the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologus became his wife. Thus, he elevated his position to the level of European monarchs.
In 1474, Ivan III bought the remnants of the independent Rostov principality. Then he again turned to the Novgorod problem.
The reason for military action was the reservation of the Novgorod ambassadors, who called the Grand Duke sovereign (instead of the traditional address “master”). He turned to the Novgorodians with a question: what kind of state does Veliky Novgorod want? When the Novgorodians began to disavow the ambassadors’ reservation, Ivan III declared them perjurers and started a war. Moscow troops began to mercilessly ravage the Novgorod lands and besieged Novgorod, forcing the city's residents to sue for peace.
Ivan III rejected the Novgorod ambassadors several times, continuing the siege. Only after a terrible famine began among the besieged at the beginning of 1478 did he accept the embassy. The terms of the agreement were extremely humiliating: Novgorod recognized the Moscow prince as its sovereign, and many volosts were alienated in his favor. The sending of the veche bell to Moscow had special symbolic significance.
A year later, the Novgorodians again tried to win independence. Having expelled the grand ducal governors, they restored veche self-government and entered into negotiations with Lithuania and the Golden Horde, asking for military assistance. Ivan III's reaction was very harsh. Having besieged Novgorod, he began to fire at it with cannons. After a quick surrender, arrests, torture and executions began. About seven thousand Novgorod families were resettled to other regions of Rus', and many of them died on the way. Muscovites moved to the place of the evicted people.
Meanwhile, in 1480, Khan Akhmat began his campaign against Rus'. The Russian lands were still formally subordinate to the Horde. Ivan Vasilyevich was a skillful politician, but a bad commander. Having sent an army under the command of his son and brother to the Ugra, he fled to Moscow in fear. The sovereign did not even participate in the famous stand on the Ugra. Without waiting for Lithuanian help, in November 1480 Akhmat retreated to the steppe.
The retreat of the Horde greatly inspired Ivan III to further expand the territory. In 1485 he subjugated Tver, and in 1489 he captured Vyatka.
Small Lithuanian princes gradually came under the authority of Moscow. From 1492 to 1503 Military conflicts periodically broke out between Russia and Lithuania. According to the truce of 1503, all territorial acquisitions of the Moscow prince were recognized. After this, Ivan III did not live long, dying in 1506.
Ivan III is one of the largest historical figures. Along with the expansion of territory, he achieved an unprecedented strengthening of Moscow’s authority in international politics. For his contemporaries, Ivan III looked like a real deliverer from the long-term Horde yoke.
1462 – 1505 - the period during which the reign of Ivan 3 the Great, the prince who united the bulk of the Russian principalities, occurred.
Ivan the Great becomes Grand Duke of Moscow in 1462 after the death of his father Vasily 2 the Dark. The main goal of his reign was to continue the policy of Vasily 2 - the unification of Russian lands and the creation of a single centralized Russian state.
As part of this policy, Ivan 3 undertakes several campaigns against the principalities rebellious to Moscow, which ultimately submit to the prince (in 1471 and 1478 against Novgorod, in 1485 against Tver). Besides, Rostov, Dmitrov and Yaroslavl principalities are annexed to Moscow.
Unification of Russian principalities by Ivan III
Foreign policy of Ivan 3
The main event in foreign policy was the liberation of Rus' from the power of the Great Horde, to which the Russian principalities paid tribute after the collapse of the Golden Horde. Ivan 3 refuses to pay tribute to the Horde envoys, and in 1480 Khan Akhmat undertakes a military campaign against Rus'. However standing on the Ugra River , where the Russian and Horde troops met, ends in vain for Akhmat. In 1484, after the war with the Kazan Khanate, Moscow stopped paying tribute to Kazan, which had been paid after the Battle of Suzdal since 1445. Thus, Russia is finally freed from paying tribute to the Horde and gained complete political independence.
In the western direction, the Moscow state defeats the Principality of Lithuania in the war and returns part of the Russian territories, and the wars with Sweden and Livonia end with the status quo. On the southern border, Russia enters into an alliance with the Crimean Khanate and avoids Crimean raids on the southern lands.
Results of the reign of Ivan the Great
Historians mark the period 1462–1505 as key in Russian history. The results of the reign of Ivan the Great were unification of almost all Russian principalities around the Moscow state and the beginning of the formation united Russian state . Rus' finally got rid of the Horde yoke and actively resisted the raids of the Crimean and Nogai Tatars. Moreover, in the field of domestic policy Code of Law adopted and a number of reforms were carried out that laid the foundations of the local land tenure system.
