Message on the topic: “Pages of Russian history. Hard times on Russian soil

In different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Rus', but it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil have arisen more than once in history. But it seems that there was no such difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Rus' in the 13th century

What was she like? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople had already lost its influence as a center of spirituality. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and primacy of Catholicism. Rus', then still Kiev, becomes the stronghold of the Orthodox world. But the territory was heterogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his horde, the Russian World consisted of several principalities competing for spheres of influence among themselves. The civil strife tore apart the princely relatives and did not contribute to the organization of one united army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Invasion of Batu

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. The usual redistribution of power between relatives took place. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He assembled a huge army by those standards (about 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. That's why we lost in the tragic situation. It would seem that here is an opportunity to unite and unanimously resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. The result is further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching it, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes to replenish his strength. In 1240, Batu’s hordes ravaged Chernigov and Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached all the way to the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And then difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and implied the payment of tribute by all conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

Hard times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If the invasions of the invaders there were more of a punitive nature of expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Rus' resisted with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, and Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). They also won on the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of his squad, defeated a well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And in the same year Alexander dealt a crushing blow to the knightly troops in the Battle of the Ice. So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many of the battles of the Novgorodians were successful, these were still rather difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around us (4th grade)

To summarize, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes at the top and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous military actions. The Mongol yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And due to its importance, battles with crusader knights are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for a lesson

Lesson 45. HARD TIMES ON RUSSIAN LAND

Goals:

1. To form students’ ideas about military affairs in Rus'.

2. Introduce the heroic pages of the history of the Fatherland.

3. Develop the ability to work with a map.

4. Foster love for the Motherland.

EQUIPMENT: historical map; diagram “Conquest of the Mongol-Tatars”, diagram “Battle of Lake Peipus”.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment. Statement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Teacher. Today we will get acquainted with the heroic pages of the history of the Fatherland.

II. Checking homework.

The teacher conducts a frontal survey:

– Who created the Slavic alphabet?

– What were books like in Ancient Rus'?

– What in the design of ancient books resembles modern books?

Several students do individual work on the cards.

No. 1. Fill in the missing words to make the correct statements.

The Slavic alphabet was created by Byzantine monks... and... (Cyril and Methodius) who lived in... (IX) century. Writing in Rus' began to spread after the adoption... (Christianity). In Ancient Rus', records were kept of the most important events -... (chronicles). The most famous chronicle of Ancient Rus' is... ("The Tale of Bygone Years"). It was written at the beginning of the 12th century by a monk... (Nestor). He talks about tribes... (eastern) Slavs

No. 2. Using arrows, connect the historical event and the name of the Russian prince associated with this event.

III. Working on new material.

Teacher. In 1223, the chronicler wrote: “An unheard of army came. Nobody knows them well, who they are and where they came from, and what their language is, and what tribe they are, and what their faith is.” This is how they described the appearance of a new dangerous enemy on the borders of Rus' - the Mongol-Tatars.

The Tatars, or Mongols, lived far to the east of the Russian borders, inside Central Asia. At the beginning of the 13th century they formed a state.

The Mongol-Tatars are nomadic tribes. They were engaged in breeding livestock: horses, camels, cows, sheep, goats. Livestock needed new pastures, so the Mongols moved from place to place in search of new pastures.

The need to conquer new pastures for cattle breeding contributed to the formation of the Mongolian state. In 1206, the leaders of the Mongol-Tatar tribes gathered on the Onon River for a kurultai (congress of the Mongol nobility) and elected Genghis Khan as leader. He led the aggressive campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars.

The teacher demonstrates the diagram.

They had a well-organized army. The main striking force of the Mongol-Tatars was the cavalry. Each warrior had two or three bows, several quivers with arrows, an ax, a rope, and was good with a saber. The warrior's horse was covered with skins and was thereby protected from enemy arrows. The warrior's head, neck and chest were protected by a helmet and leather armor.

The teacher suggests looking at drawings depicting warriors: Russian and Mongolian. Compare them (p. 60 of the textbook). Students conclude that the Mongol warriors had better equipment.

Teacher. In 1223, the Mongol army appeared in the Black Sea steppes near the borders of Rus', where the Cumans lived. The Polovtsians fled in droves to Rus': “We are now beaten, and if you don’t help us, they will cut you down too.” Several Russian princes (Mstislav of Kiev, Mstislav of Chernigov, Mstislav of Galitsky) came together and on May 31 met with the Tatars on the Kalka River, near the Sea of ​​Azov.

Having attacked the guard detachment, the princely squads began to pursue him and became so spread out that they lost contact with each other. When, on the ninth day of the campaign across the Kalka River, the princes were met by a close formation of Mongol cavalry, it was difficult to restore battle order. The Russian squads were defeated one by one.

The teacher suggests showing on the map the place of the battle on the river, naming the cities captured by the Mongol-Tatar army.

Students. Ryazan, Vladimir, Moscow, Pereyaslavl, Torzhok, Kozelsk, etc.

The teacher demonstrates a diagram of the campaigns of the Mongol-Tatar army:

1223 → Kalka River;

1237 → Ryazan → Kolomna → Moscow → Vladimir → Torzhok → Kozelsk (“evil city”) → Novgorod;

1240 → Kyiv.

Teacher. In 1237, the Mongol-Tatars crossed the Volga as they set their sights on Russian lands. The princes knew about the danger, but did nothing to unite forces to repel the enemy; they were busy with civil strife (they fought among themselves to expand their possessions).

Batu's army numbered 150 thousand soldiers, while all of Rus' could muster 100 thousand soldiers.

Ryazan was hit first (teacher shows on the map). The Mongol ambassadors demanded submission and one tenth “in everything.” The residents of Ryazan responded courageously: “If we are all gone, everything will be yours.” All Ryazan residents died defending their city, including Prince Yuri Ryazansky. Since then, this city has not risen. And the new one was built 60 km from this place.

In January along the Oka River (shows on the map) The Mongol army moved towards the city of Vladimir. The battle, which ended in the defeat of the Russian troops, took place near Kolomna.

The Mongol-Tatars did not reach Novgorod a hundred kilometers. The spring thaw made the roads impassable for the Mongol cavalry. Khan Batu turned his army back. On the way lay the city of Kozelsk.

The Kozelites decided at the meeting: the Tatars should not give up and “lay down their bellies” for the prince in order to receive glory in this world, and in the next - a crown from Christ God. Kozelsk held out for seven weeks: the townspeople fought with the Tatars in the field, fought with them on the city walls and died honestly, every last one. The horde spared neither women, nor elders, nor infants. Kozelsk became one huge grave. The Kozelsky prince also died. He was still a small child, and rumors spread that he had drowned in blood. From that time on, the Tatars did not call the city Kozelsk, but called it “the evil city.”

In 1239, the Tatar army appeared in Southern Rus' (shows on the map). None of the Russian cities attracted the attention of the Tatars like Kyiv:

Tsar Batu is approaching us near Kyiv,

He approaches with two sons,

And with his son-in-law, with the Bow-feathered hero.

And he writes, the dog, boasts:

“I will burn the city of Kiev, cut it down,

I'll let God's churches go up in smoke,

I’ll take the prince and princess full,

And I’ll boil the prince-boyars in a cauldron.”

On December 6, 1240, Kyiv fell. In 1243, after a campaign against Southern Rus', the state of the Golden Horde arose in the Volga region with its capital Sarai (near modern Astrakhan). Russian princes now received from the Golden Horde khans a label - a khan's charter with the right to reign. And they brought tribute to the khans - rich gifts of food, silver, and handicrafts.

This is how the Mongol-Tatar yoke was established over Russia - dependence on the conquerors, consisting in the payment of tribute.

Barely-barely-barely (Slowly spin around in place

The carousel started spinning. to the right.)

And then, then, then

Everybody run, run, run!

Let's run, let's run, (Easy jogging in place.)

Hush, hush, don't rush, (Gradually slow down the run,

Stop the carousel. stopped, turned around,

Spun around, spun around, sat down.)

We sat down to rest.

Teacher. It was not only the evil Tatars who offended the Russian people. Other enemies came to Rus' from the north-west - the Swedes. Their leader, Birger, sent his soldiers to the city of Novgorod and ordered to tell the Novgorod prince Alexander: “We came to take this city for ourselves, and we want to make you, prince, and your children our servants!” About the feat of the Novgorodians and Prince Alexander, we will read the article “Prince Alexander Nevsky” on p. 62–63 textbooks.

Teacher (adds). Prince Alexander was only 20 years old. Soon after the battle, the crusaders sent their envoys to Novgorod to ask for peace. Alexander agreed to peace, but warned: “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword.”

Students show on the map the places of battles of Russian troops with Swedish and German invaders.

IV. Consolidation of what has been learned.

The teacher conducts a conversation on the following questions:

– Who attacked Rus' in the 13th century?

– Who led the campaign of the Mongol-Tatar army against Rus'?

– What was the first Russian city on their way?

– Which city offered Batu serious resistance?

– What happened to Kyiv?

– How did the state of the Mongol-Tatars become known?

– Why did the Mongol-Tatar warriors capture ancient Russian cities?

Students fill out the following chart:

– What threat has emerged from the north-west for Rus'?

-Who opposed them?

– How did Alexander defeat the Swedes?

– What nickname did he receive for this victory?

– Under what name did the battle on the ice of Lake Peipsi go down in history?

– How were the crusaders built? For what purpose?

How did Alexander defeat the crusaders?

Teacher. Two chroniclers belonging to different warring parties describe the same battle.

Divide into two teams, and let the first team describe the battle for one army, and the second - for the other. Compare the description in the class. What is the difference?

V. Lesson summary. Grading.

Students read the conclusion on p. 64 textbooks.

Homework.

pp. 59–63. Answer the “Test yourself” questions. Complete the tasks on p. 64.

By the middle of the 12th century, Ancient Rus' broke up into separate principalities. The princes wanted to be independent and not obey anyone. The map of Rus' at that time resembles a multi-colored mosaic.

In the 13th century, difficult trials befell Rus'. From the east, from Asia, the steppe nomads - the Mongols - attacked.

The Russian princes failed to unite to repel the enemy.

The campaign against Rus' was led by Khan Batu. The first Russian city on the path of Batu’s hordes was Ryazan. Enemies approached its walls at the end of 1237. The Ryazan people defended themselves for five days, but on the sixth day the Mongols defeated and burned the city. Almost all of his defenders died.

In February 1238, Batu's hordes besieged and then burned Vladimir. At the same time, the invaders destroyed other cities. The chronicle says: “There was no place where they did not fight.”

The road to rich Novgorod opened for Batu. However, he turned back. On the way back to the southern steppes, Batyev’s army spent seven weeks near the small town of Kozelsk, whose inhabitants steadfastly and stubbornly resisted. The Mongols called Kozelsk an evil city.

The same sad fate awaited Kyiv. In 1240 it was captured and destroyed.

Almost all of Rus' was devastated by the Mongols, many Russian cities were burned. Most of the Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde - this is how the state of the Mongols began to be called. From now on, Rus' had to pay tribute to the Horde. The princes had to go to the khan - the ruler of the Golden Horde - for permission to own the principalities.

In the fight against Russia, the strength of the Mongols weakened. They could not subjugate all of Europe.

Working with a historical map

1. Using the text of the textbook and the map (see above), trace Batu’s invasion of Rus'.
2. Find on the map the places of battles between Russian troops and Swedish and German invaders.

Defense of the northwestern borders.
Prince Alexander Nevsky

A new threat has appeared on the northwestern borders of Rus'. The danger came from the Swedish invaders and the German knights of the Cross (a cross was depicted on their clothes and weapons).

The Swedes struck the first blow. In early July 1240, Swedish ships dropped anchor at the mouth of the Neva. The young and determined Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich and his retinue came out to meet them. Taken by surprise, the Swedes were completely defeated on July 15, 1240.

For his victory on the Neva River, Prince Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.

Two years later, Alexander Nevsky, at the head of his army, defeated the crusader knights on the ice of Lake Peipsi. In history this battle remained under the name of the Battle of the Ice.

In battle, knights lined up in a wedge formation. His blow was so strong that it penetrated the strongest defenses. The foot soldiers were inside and behind the wedge. Usually they completed the defeat of the enemy. Knowing about this technique of the enemy, Alexander placed cavalry at the edges, and in the center - fighters armed with bows, axes, swords and hooks to pull the knights off their horses.

The battle began on April 5, 1242. It was difficult to hold back the onslaught of knights clad in heavy armor. But it turned out that the knights, having managed to crush the center of the Russian forces, themselves found themselves in a trap. Huddled together, they became easy prey. The Russian cavalry came rushing in from the sides like a whirlwind. The knights wavered and began to retreat. And here the ice began to crack. Many knights drowned in the lake due to heavy armor.

Let's discuss!

1. Why do you think Rus' was unable to organize a worthy rebuff to Batu’s hordes?
2. Why did the Swedes launch an offensive in 1240? Why were they confident of success?

check yourself

1. Tell us about the Mongol invasion of Rus' according to plan: who the Mongols were, who led the army of conquerors, when the invaders invaded Rus', how Russian cities were defended.
2. How did Alexander Nevsky's leadership talent manifest itself in the Battle of Lake Peipsi?
3. What is the significance of Alexander Nevsky's victories?

Homework assignments

1. Write it down in the dictionary: tribute, khan, Golden Horde.
2. Based on the illustrations in the textbook, describe the weapons of the warriors: ancient Russian, Mongolian, knights and crusaders.

Next lesson

We learn about the revival of Rus', the beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. Using the illustration, we will describe ancient Moscow.

Remember what crafts Ancient Rus' was famous for.

Lesson of the world around us "Difficult times on Russian soil."

4th grade

Tasks:

Introduce the history of the Mongol-Tatar invasion; with the historical figure Alexander Nevsky; battles - Neva and Battle of the Ice; show the role of Alexander in the history of Rus'.

Develop attention, observation, learn to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Foster a sense of pride in your people and interest in your native history.

Develop skills of independent work in groups, the ability to work with a map and additional material,

Equipment: computer, projector, screen, interactive whiteboard, computer presentation, video fragments “Alexander Nevsky”, additional material, historical dates.

During the classes:

Organization of the class (music playing)

1 slide. I would like to start our lesson with a catchphrase “Without knowing the past, we have no right to the future.” Keeping these words in mind, let's check how we have studied the pages of the history of Ancient Rus'.

Updating knowledge

Solving the crossword puzzle.

2 slide. You need to solve a crossword puzzle based on the material you have studied and write down the keyword.

What important event happened in 988? (baptism)

What were the good fellows of Ancient Rus' called? (heroes)

The name of the prince whom people called Vladimir Krasnoe ---------? (Sun)

Which Russian prince became famous for his military exploits against Byzantium? (Oleg)

What was another word for a temple in Rus'? (Cathedral)

What did they write on in Ancient Rus'? (Birch bark)

What was Prince Oleg's nickname? (prophetic)

Records of the most important events (Chronicle)

Who were the prince’s advisers and assistants? (boyars)

What keyword did you come up with? How do you understand this word? (invasion) how can you say in other words - what is an invasion? Let's see how this word is explained in the dictionary.

3.Introduction to the topic (the student reads a poem to the music).

- 3 slide. Let's listen to the poem "Rus", which was written by the famous poet Ivan Savvich Nikitin.

Under the big tent

Blue skies -

I see the fields turning green in the distance.

Wide are you, Rus',

Across the face of the earth

Unfolded in royal beauty!

And in all corners of the white world

There is great fame about you.

There is a reason for this, mighty Rus',

To love you, to call you mother,

Stand up for your honor against your enemy,

I need to lay down my head for you in need!

Can you guess what the lesson will be about? (About the invasion of Rus')

Today we will get acquainted with the heroic pages of the history of the Fatherland, we will learn how Rus' defended its independence.

- 4 slide. In the summer of 1223, a comet appeared in the sky. It flew so close to the Earth that its tail, illuminating the sky, was clearly visible even during the day.

Since at that time there was no scientific explanation for this phenomenon, people took the comet as a bad sign, foreshadowing trouble and grief. And many people associated the appearance of the comet with the tragic events in Rus'.

5 slide. And indeed, difficult times soon came to Rus'.

4.Learning new material.

In the 13th century, difficult trials befell Rus'. Today in class we will talk about three events that happened during difficult times in Rus'.

6 slide. (Map of Rus'). Pay attention to the map - Rus' is divided into principalities, which lived separately at that time, there was no agreement between them. Everyone was for themselves. In some principalities there was no prince. It was ruled by rich people - boyars. Rus' turned out to be a tasty morsel, not protected from enemies.

And who set their sights on Rus'? We will find out during the research process.

Now you will unite in groups of historian-researchers. Each group will be given a task: to find out who the invaders were. I hope that an atmosphere of creativity, mutual assistance, and friendship will reign in each group.

(children work according to the textbook and plan)

1 group

-



Slide 7 Yes, look what the Mongol warriors looked like, how they were armed, what kind of dwellings they lived in. And how the Russian soldiers were dressed.

The first Russian city on Batu’s path was Ryazan. The year was 1237. Prince Yuri asked for help from the princes who ruled in Chernigov and Vladimir. But he waited in vain for help. Help didn't come. The city was destroyed and all its inhabitants died.

In February 1238, Batu's hordes besieged Vladimir. The Vladimir prince was waiting for help from the Kyiv and Novgorod princes. But none of them came to the rescue. The city fell. The last defenders of Vladimir died in the flames of a fire in the Assumption Cathedral.

The capture of cities continued. The road to the rich city of Novgorod was opened for Batu. However, he turned back. On his way stood the fortified city of Kozelsk. The siege and assaults continued for seven weeks. Thousands of soldiers died under the walls of Kozelsk. When all the townspeople were exterminated, the Mongols called Kozelsk “the evil city.”

In 1240, the city of Kyiv was captured and destroyed.

After this, the conquest of Rus' ended. Batu turned back and in the lower reaches of the Volga founded the capital of his state, which was called the Golden Horde.
Most of the Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde. Now Rus' had to pay tribute to the Horde.

From what word did the word “tribute” come from? (give, gift)

Tribute is a tax, a payment collected by the winner from the defeated people. The princes had to go to the ruler of the Golden Horde for permission to own the principality.

Think! Why, despite the heroic resistance of the Russian people, did the Mongol-Tatars win? (They were excellent horsemen and archers. Iron discipline reigned in their army. If 1 out of 10 warriors fled from the battlefield, then his entire family was destroyed.)

Popular wisdom says: trouble does not come alone. A new threat has appeared on the northwestern borders of Rus'. The danger came from the Swedish invaders.
We give the floor to group 2.

2nd group.

Absolutely right. The Swedes were defeated.
The Russian army lost only 20 people. For his victory on the Neva, Prince Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.

What goals did the Swedes pursue? (seizure of territory and enrichment)

Think! Why did the Swedes begin their offensive in 1240? Why were they confident of success? (Rus is weakened from the enslavement of the Mongol-Tatars, Novgorod - a rich city was not captured by the Mongol-Tatars and the absence of a prince)

Trouble also came from the west from the German crusading knights.
Group 3 answers.

3rd group.

And now we will mentally transport ourselves to the year 1242. How many years have passed since the Battle of the Neva? (2 years) A picture with the crusaders and a video with a priest.

Think about why knights were called crusaders? (A cross was depicted on clothing and weapons)

Let's look at the knight's armor. What can you say about them?

Watching a fragment from the film “Alexander Nevsky” about the crusaders.

What words did the leader of the knights say? (I invite you to bait the Russian beast)

What did he mean? (They wanted to enslave the Russian people, seize their territory and convert them to their faith).

Listen carefully to what Alexander Nevsky is talking about with the Novgorodians.

A fragment from the film “Alexander Nevsky” is shown (the boyars’ name is Alexandra).

What new misfortune has come to Russian soil? (Germans)

What did Alexander call the Novgorodians to do? (beat the enemy for insulting the Russian land)

Having gathered enough strength, Alexander decides to fight the main battle on April 5, 1242 on the ice of Lake Peipsi.

Why did Alexander Nevsky lure the knights to Lake Peipsi? What was his goal? Knowing that some of the ice on the lake has melted slightly. (Crusaders' armor is heavy, they will sink)

This battle went down in history as the Battle of the Ice.

Indeed, this is what happened. Now we'll see animation“Battle on the Ice” and answer the questions:

1. How did the crusaders build their troops?

5. Musical break.

2. How did Alexander build his troops?

3. How did the battle go and how did it end?

Video on Lake Peipsi.

50 captured knights were marched in disgrace through the streets of Novgorod. In a time of severe disasters, we managed to defend the northwestern borders of our Motherland.

6. Test of knowledge (test).

"Difficult times on Russian soil"

The campaign of the Mongol-Tatars was led by the Khan:

a) Batu; b) Genghis Khan; c) Temujin.

What city was the first on their way?

a) Novgorod; b) Ryazan; c) Vladimir.

Which Russian city was nicknamed the “evil city” for its stubborn resistance?

a) Smolensk; b) Kyiv; c) Kozelsk.

How did the state of the Mongol-Tatars become known?

a) Golden Horde; b) Mongol Horde; c) Tatar Horde.

The capital of the Mongol-Tatar state was the city:

a) Galich; b) Barn; c) Polotsk.

What did Rus' pay to the Horde?

a) tribute; b) ransom c) tax.

Who struck the northwestern borders of Rus'?

a) Swedes; b) Mongols; c) Tatars.

The Novgorod prince gave a decisive rebuff to the enemies:

a) Vladimir; b) Yaroslav; c) Alexander.

What nickname did the Novgorod prince receive for his first victory over his enemies?

a) Wise; b) Prophetic; c) Nevsky.

The crusading knights were defeated on the ice:

a) Lake Ladoga; b) Lake Peipus; c) Lake Onega.

When did the Battle of the Ice take place?7. Lesson summary.

Alexander Nevsky is a great man. He was elevated to the rank of saints. Slide with icon. Monuments were erected to him in many cities . Slide. And in our area there is a monument to Alexander Nevsky on the “Somov” mountains. Slide. Not so long ago, Channel One hosted the “Name of Russia” project. Alexander Nevsky was chosen in the name of Russia. The role of Alexander in the history of our country can hardly be overestimated. It was not for nothing that after his death, Metropolitan Kirill said: “The Sun of the Russian Land has set.” Listen to what Alexander said after the Battle of Lake Peipsi.

Demonstrated fragment from the film"Alexander Nevskiy".

How do you understand his words? What is their main idea? (Defending the Motherland is the sacred duty of every citizen)

I think you will always follow this advice.

Well done! Thank you for the lesson!

8.Homework.

Make a book for each group.

1 group

1. Who attacked from the East? When? (Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century, in 1237)

   Who led the campaign against Rus'? (Batu Khan)

   Which cities were attacked? (Ryazan, Vladimir)

   Which city on the path of the invaders turned out to be an “evil” city? (Kozelsk)

   What is the Golden Horde? (state of the Mongol-Tatars)

   What did the Russian princes pay to the Mongol-Tatars? (tribute)

Children: (In the 13th century, in 1237, Khan Batu attacked Rus'. The cities of Ryazan and Vladimir were attacked. Kozelsk turned out to be an “evil” city. Russian princes paid tribute to the Mongol-Tatars.)

2nd group.

1.Who attacked from the northwest? (Swedes)

2. In what year did this happen? (in 1240)

3. On what river did the battle take place? (Neva)

4.Which prince and his retinue opposed them? (Alexander)

5.How did the battle end? (the Swedes were defeated)

6.What nickname did Alexander receive after this battle? (Nevsky)

Children: (In 1240, the Swedes attacked Rus' from the north-west. This battle took place on the Neva River. Prince Alexander and his squad defeated the Swedes. After this victory, they began to call him Alexander Nevsky.)

3rd group.

Who attacked from the west and in what year? (Crusader knights in 1242)

Where did it happen? (on the ice of Lake Peipsi)

What name did this battle get? (Battle on the Ice)

How did the crusading knights line up in battle? (wedge)

What were the Russian soldiers armed with? (bows, axes, swords and hooks)

Why were the crusading knights defeated? (due to heavy armor).

Children: In 1242, crusading knights attacked Rus' from the west. The battle took place on Lake Peipus. In battle, the crusading knights formed a wedge. Russian warriors were armed with bows, axes, swords and hooks. Because of the heavy armor, the knights fell through the ice and drowned in the lake.

At various times, Rus' regularly experienced enemy pressure. Many conquerors tried to get this “tidbit”. However, in the 13th century, truly difficult times came on Russian soil. The existence of the ancient Russian state was under great threat.

Rus' in the 13th century

In those distant times, Rus' was a fragmented country, divided into numerous principalities. There was no unity or friendly relations between them: each prince strove for sole power and was for himself. Some principalities did not have a prince at all, and were ruled by boyars - the local rich nobility.

In Rus' there was no single united army, there was no wise and strong ruler who could protect the homeland from enemies.

It is not surprising that such a large, rich country, but at the same time weakened by endless strife, was an easy prey for enemy invaders.

Invasion of Batu

After the death of the invincible Genghis Khan, his grandson, Batu, came to power in the Golden Horde (state of the Mongols). Having gathered a huge army for those times - about 140 thousand people - he sent it towards Rus'. The autumn of 1237 was marked by the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke into the territory of the ancient Russian state.

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Rice. 1. Khan Batu.

Their advance occurred in the following sequence:

• The first Russian city that found itself on the path of Batu Khan’s army was Ryazan. Local residents held the defense for five days, but on the sixth day the city fell to the feet of the Mongols, who ravaged it and burned it to the ground. Almost all Ryazan residents died in this battle.
• The next target of the Mongol-Tatar army was the glorious city of Vladimir. When the invaders defeated it, they very quickly subjugated many other Russian cities.
• The path to rich Novgorod turned out to be clear, but Batu Khan turned back and captured Kyiv.

Almost all of Rus' was in ruins after the invasion of the Golden Horde. The Russian state found itself completely dependent on its invaders, and from now on had to pay monetary tribute.

Rice. 2. Army of the Golden Horde.

Tribute is a payment that was taken by the victors from the defeated people. Russian princes were obliged to go to the Horde Khan to pay tribute and humiliatingly ask for permission to own their own lands.

In the fight against Russia, the Mongol-Tatars noticeably weakened, and were no longer able to subjugate all of Europe, as originally planned. But from that moment on, difficult times came for the Russian land: for two centuries it groaned under the heaviest yoke of its invaders. Each conquered principality was obliged to pay considerable tribute to the Tatar rulers. Rus' freed itself from these shackles only in 1480.

Threat from the northwest

However, it was not only in the east and south that Rus' suffered defeat. In the western regions, battles with the Germans, Lithuanians, and Swedes regularly took place. The knights sought to capture Novgorod - the only Russian city not devastated by the Mongols.

Warriors from European countries were called knights. These were well-armed warriors protected by strong armor, who rode on strong, hardy horses.

In the 13th century, two battles with Western invaders stand out especially clearly in the history of Rus':

• Battle of Neva . In July 1240, the Swedish fleet approached the banks of the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod and his retinue came out to meet the enemy ships. He managed to cope with the Swedish army armed to the teeth. At that time, the Russian hero was only 20 years old, and thanks to his brilliant victory over the enemy, he went down in history as Alexander Nevsky.
• Battle on the Ice . In 1242, Alexander Nevsky, at the head of his faithful squad, dealt a crushing blow to the crusading knights. This historical battle took place in winter on Lake Peipsi, which was bound by ice. There were so many casualties among the knights that the Livonian Order made no attempts to attack Russian lands again over the next ten years.

Rice. 3. Alexander Nevsky.

The 13th century became one of the most difficult and bloody for Rus', both for the ruling elite and for the common people. Numerous fierce battles and the heaviest tribute to the Tatar Khan greatly affected the development of Rus', which took a lot of time to strengthen and declare itself to the whole world.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Difficult times on Russian soil” according to the 4th grade program of the world around us, we found out what events had such a strong impact on the ancient Russian state. The invasion of the Golden Horde and the battles with the Swedes greatly crippled Rus', which was not soon able to regain its strength and power.

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