Languages in Indonesia. Indonesian language Javanese language learn

The Indonesian language is warm, sunny and melodic. This is an excellent option for a beginning polyglot who is not yet ready for new scripts, but already wants to replenish his linguistic treasury with an oriental language.

Textbooks

Demidyuk L., Sujai A., Kharjatno D.M.T. – Textbook of the Indonesian language. Initial course - at the beginning there is a very detailed phonetic course, then the main one. This is a university textbook, so the grammar is sometimes explained in complex terms, but in great detail and meticulously. There are texts, dialogues, dictionaries, and an audio application.

Atmosumarto S. Colloquial Indonesian is a textbook from the famous series of conversational tutorials. the audio for it can be downloaded for free from the official website http://www.routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/colloquial/language/indonesian.php

Complete Indonesian: A Teach Yourself Guide Christopher Byrnes, Eva Nyimas is also a textbook from the famous series of self-instruction books, approximately leading to level B1.

Ian J. White – Keren! - a nice authentic multi-level textbook, at the beginning of each lesson there is a small comic book, then there are texts, cultural inserts, conversational situations, a little grammar.

Bagus sekali! – a series of youth textbooks of 3 levels, very bright and colorful books with a communicative orientation. There are additional materials for them online http://www.pearsonplaces.com.au/places/secondary_places/languages_place/languages_student_lounge/bagus_sekali.aspx

Audio courses

50 languages aka book2 from Goethe Verlag - a free audio course of 100 lessons. Here you can listen and read phrases on the topics http://www.goethe-verlag.com/book2/RU/RUID/RUID002.HTM and here you can download the audio for the phrasebook in Russian and Indonesian or only Indonesian http://www.goethe -verlag.com/book2/RU/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eYfdaUJGm0- in zoo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM_bWRx4x00&list=PLcMYioSNb8OBYS6ikybluhLweVKWyc3is– Crayon Shin-chan Japanese anime series about a five-year-old boy and his daily life in Indonesian dubbing

Useful sites

http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/indonesian.php – basic Indonesian phrases voiced by Omniglot

http://www.expat.or.id/info/links.html – a collection of all kinds of links from a site for expats, in the middle of the article there are language resources

http://books.dinolingo.com/en/indonesian-books-for-kids – here you can read online children’s books in Indonesian with translations into a huge number of languages

http://www.thejakartapost.com – website of The Jakarta Post newspaper, current news from Indonesia in English

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is the standard variant of one of the dialects of the Malay language, which has been used as the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago for 500 years. Indonesia has the fourth largest population and almost all its residents speak Indonesian fluently. Thus, Indonesian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.

In addition to the official language, most Indonesians speak some regional language. The Indonesian language is the language of instruction in most educational institutions in the country, and almost all periodicals are published in it. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognized as one of the two working languages, along with English.

The name of the language - Bahasa Indonesia - translated means "language of Indonesia". The Indonesian language received the status of the official language after the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945. In its standardized form, Indonesian is mutually intelligible with Malay, the official language of Malaysia. The differences between them come down to pronunciation and vocabulary (the Indonesian language has many borrowings from Dutch and Javanese).

Indonesian is the native language of a very small part of the country's population (mainly residents of Jakarta and its environs), while more than 200 million people regularly use it as a national language. In a country where people speak more than 300 native languages, the Indonesian language plays a very important unifying role. It is not difficult to guess that due to such ethnic diversity, the Indonesian language is represented in the form of many regional dialects.

The long period of Dutch colonization left its mark on the vocabulary of the Indonesian language, which includes words such as polisi (from Dutch politie, “police”), kualitas (from kwaliteit, “quality”), wortel (from wortel, “carrot”), etc. .d.

In addition to the Malay language, Portuguese was also used as a lingua franca on the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Thanks to this, words such as meja (from Portuguese mesa, “table”), boneka (from boneca, “doll”), jendela (from janela, “window”), etc. appeared in the Indonesian language.

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the main religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the sacred language of these religions, is still highly respected in the country and has a status comparable to that of Latin in Western European countries. In addition, Sanskrit is the main source of neologisms relating to various aspects of religion, art and everyday life.

It often happens that a loanword comes in several variants of different origins: for example, the word “book” in Indonesian has two synonymous forms: pustaka (borrowing from Sanskrit) and buku (borrowing from Dutch).

Indonesian language does not use grammatical gender. The exception is words with natural gender, for example, dia (“he”) / ia (“she”). But, unlike European languages, differences in age are morphologically marked: adik (“younger brother”, “younger sister”), kakak (“elder brother”, “elder sister”). However, there are also a few words with grammatical gender: putri (“daughter”), putra (“son”). In some regions of Indonesia, such as Sumatra and Jakarta, words with grammatical gender are used as addresses: for example, abang ("big brother") or kakak ("big sister").

Category: Malayo-Polynesian superbranch Western range Western Sunda zone Malayan-Cham branch Malayan group Writing: Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project: Linguistics

Indonesian (indon. Bahasa Indonesia is one of the Austronesian languages. The official language (since) and the lingua franca of Indonesia. About 20 million people use it in everyday communication. The total number of people who speak the language to one degree or another is about 200 million. It has no dialects.

The Indonesian language developed in the first half of the 20th century from the Malay language, which was traditionally used as a lingua franca in the region. The name “Indonesian language” was adopted in the city at the Youth Congress and gradually replaced the name “Malay language”. Writing based on the Latin alphabet.

In Russia, the Indonesian language is studied in Moscow at Moscow State University, MGIMO, Eastern University of the Russian Academy of Sciences and, as well as in St. Petersburg - at the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, Russian State University for the Humanities and the Eastern Institute of the Far Eastern Federal University.

The Indonesian self-name of the language is Bahasa Indonesia; outside the country it is sometimes not entirely correctly called simply “Bahasa”, that is, “language”.

Grammar

Phonetics

Word formation

In word formation, affixation and reduplication play the most important role. Affixes - prefixes, suffixes, infixes (placed respectively in front, at the end and inside the word). Often a word has both a prefix and a suffix.

The most productive prefixes

per- forms transitive verbs.

pe- (peng-, pem-, pen-, penj-) forms nouns with the meaning of instrument and doer, has different forms depending on whether it comes before a vowel or a consonant.

se- forms conjunctions and adverbs.

Examples: besar (great) - perbesar (increase), dua (two) - perdua (double), lukis (draw) - pelukis (artist), lalu (past) - selalu (always), lama (time) - selama (in flow).

The most productive suffixes

-an shows the result, object of action, means, instrument, similarity, collective concepts.

-i, -kan forms transitive verbs.

Examples: larang (prohibit) - larangan (prohibition), manis (sweet) - manisan (sweets), mata (eye) - matai (look), satu (one) - satukan (unite)

Prefix + suffix

ke…an creates an action or state.

pe…an forms verbal nouns denoting a process.

per…an the same, process, action, but from adjectives.

Examples: satu (one) - kesatuan (unity), pulau (island) - kepulauan (archipelago), membatas (to limit) - pembatasan (restriction), dagang (trade) - perdagangan (trade), adab (civilization) - peradaban (civilized )

Infixes

-em-, -el-, -er- form adjectives.

Examples: guruh (thunder) - gemuruh (thunderous)

Reduplication

Examples:

nenek-moyang (ancestors), where nenek - grandfather, grandmother, moyang - great-grandfather, great-grandmother

air-mata (tears), where air is water, mata is eye

tanah-air (homeland), where tanah - earth, air - water

hari-besar (holiday), where hari - day, besar - big, great

Composition of the proposal

Simple sentences can be common or uncommon. Non-extended ones consist only of the main members - the subject and the predicate. For example: Toko tutup. - The shop is closed.

A simple common sentence, in addition to the main members of the sentence, also includes secondary members: definition, addition and circumstances.

Subjects usually precede the predicate and can be expressed by a noun or a demonstrative pronoun: Anak makan. - The child is eating. Ini pintu. - This is the door.

The predicate can be verbal: Anak ini makan. - This child eats.

The verbs makam and minum can be followed by a complement. Kami minum kopi. - We are drinking coffee. Anak itu makan ikan. - That child eats fish.

The predicate can be nominal: Ini kota. - This city.

Word order

Word order in an Indonesian sentence is one of the main means of expressing the relationship between words.

The main feature of defining a definition is its position. The definition always follows immediately after the word being defined and can be expressed as a noun, verb, adjective or pronoun. For example: paman anak - uncle of the child; kaki kanan - right leg; anak ini - this child.

The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu, used as a definition, always follow the word being defined or enclose the group of words to which they refer. For example: anak kakak itu - child of an older brother.

A subject with words related to it form a subject group. A predicate with words related to it constitute a predicate group. In a sentence, the subject group usually precedes the predicate group and is separated from it by a pause, for example:

Toko ini/tutup. - This store is closed. Kakek ini/paman anak itu. - This is the grandfather of that child’s uncle.

The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu often limit the subject group from the predicate group and are themselves often included in the subject group.

Parts of speech

I am hamba, saya (formal), aku (informal)

you - anda, saudara (formal), kamu (informal)

he - dia, ia, beliau

we are kami (not including the listener), kita (including the listener)

you are saudara-saudara, saudara sekalian

The role of possessive pronouns is played by enclitics (suffixes): My (officially) - ... saya;

Mine (informal) - …ku/…aku;

Yours (officially) - …Anda/Saudara;

Yours (informal) - …kamu/…mu;

His/her - …dia; nya;

Theirs is…mereka;

my food - makanan saya, makananku your food - makanan Anda, makananmu his/her food - makanan dia their food - makanan mereka

Rumahku is my house, rumahmu is your house, rumahnya is his, her house.

Relative interrogatives: Who - siapa, What - apa, Which - yang mana

Reflexive: sendiri - yourself, yourself (for all persons), diriku - me, myself, dirimu - you, yourself, dirinya - his, her, he himself, she herself.

Demonstrative pronouns:

itu - that, that, ini - this, this.

The demonstrative pronoun ini - “this, this, this” is used to indicate objects located in the sphere of the speaker, that is, near the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun itu - “that, that, that” - is in the sphere of the interlocutor.

Indefinite: semua - everything, segala - everything, everything, masing-masing - everyone, tiap - everyone, everyone, apa-apa - something, something, apapun - whatever it is.

Adverbs of time: sekarang - now, kini - now, dulu - before, first, kemudian - then, sudah - already, masih - yet, belum - not yet, kemarin - yesterday, besok - tomorrow, bila(mana) - when, pernah - when -either, tidak pernah - never.

Adverbs of place: disini - here, kesini - here, disitu - there, darisini - from here, dimana-mana - everywhere, kebawah - down, dimana - where, kemana - where, kesini, kemari - here, kesitu, kesana - there, dimanapun - where no matter what.

Modal adverbs: seharusnya - necessary, semoga-moga - let, jangan - not necessary, tidak - no, no (for the predicate and attribute), ya - yes, bukan (no for the subject), dilarang - forbidden.

Adverbs of degree: sangat - very, banyak - a lot, sedikit - little, kurang - less, lebih - more, paling - most.

Others: bagus - excellent, baik - good, baik sekali - very good, tentu - of course, mungkin - perhaps, biasanya - usually, tidak-baik, jelek - bad, boleh - allow, bisa - possible, perlu - necessary, berapa - how much , beberapa - several, cepat - quickly, pelan - slowly, jauh - far, dekat - close, didalam - inside, diluar - outside, diatas - above, dibawah - below, lurus - straight, kemuka, terus - forward, kebelakang - back , kekanan - to the right, kekiri - to the left, lama - long ago, tidak lama lagi - soon, pernah - once upon a time, belum pernah - never yet.

Unions: dan - and, tetapi - but, namun - however, melainkan - and, karena - since, because, karena itu - therefore, jika, ayo - come on, kalau - if, meskipun - although, atau - or, bahwa, bahasa, yang - what, supaja - so that.

Basic prepositions: atas - on, above, for (+ Vin. pad.), dari, daripada - from, from, di - in, on, to, dengan - with, together with

Numerals

From 1 to 10: satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, sepuluh (puluh).

From 11 to 19 are formed by adding a suffix -belas, 11 - sebelas, 12 - duabelas, 13 - tigabelas, etc.

Tens are formed by adding the suffix -puluh, 20 - duapuluh, 30 - tigapuluh, 40 - empatpuluh, etc. 100 - seratus, 500 - limaratus, etc. 1000 - seribu, 5000 - limaribu.

82 - lapanpuluhdua.

Ordinal numbers have a prefix ke-: pertama (first, excl.), kedua (second), kelima (fifth), etc.

Verb

The verb has the categories of aspect and voice. By type, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Voices: active, passive, middle, mutual-joint. The conjugation is undeveloped. Time is shown by adverbs such as “now”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”.

Literature and oral folk art

Main article: Indonesian literature

Traditional genres of Malay poetry developed in the Middle Ages, and they are still popular today. These include pantuns, shairs, gurindams and their various variations. Modern Indonesian literature is increasingly influenced by the canons of Islam, adopted by the Malays in the 13th-15th centuries, while Western influences are also noticeable.

Literature

Arakin V.D. Indonesian language, M. - 1965
Alieva N.F., Arakin V.D., Ogloblin A.K., Sirk Yu.H. Grammar of the Indonesian Language, ed. Arakin V.D., M. - 1972
Pocket Indonesian-Russian dictionary, ed. Sukhadiono, 8000 words, M. - 1959
Large Indonesian-Russian dictionary. In 2 volumes. Edited by R. N. Korigodsky. 56 thousand words and 48 thousand phrases. M: Russian language, 1990.
Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Svet. Indonesian-Russian Phrasebook. M.: Tree of Life, 1997. ISBN 5-88713-022-9.
Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Svet. Indonesian-Russian, Russian-Indonesian Phrasebook. M.: Publishing House "Ant-Hide", 2000. ISBN 5-8463-0032-4.
Demidyuk, L. N.; Pogadaev, Victor. Russian-Indonesian dictionary. About 25 thousand words and phrases. M.: East-West, 2004. ISBN 5-478-00026-4
Pogadaev, Victor. Indonesian-Russian and Russian-Indonesian dictionary. 60 thousand words and phrases. M.: Russian language, Publishing house Drofa, 2008 ISBN 978-5-9576-0376-4.
Victor Pogadaev. Kamus Russia-Indonesia, Indonesia-Russia. Jakarta: P. T. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2010. ISBN 978-979-22-4881-4

Links

Malay Language - a short textbook of Malay and Indonesian languages.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "Indonesian language" is in other dictionaries:

The language of Indonesians, the official language of the Republic of Indonesia. It is part of the Sumatran group of the Indonesian branch of the Malayo-Polynesian (or Austronesian) family of languages. Title "I. I." took hold instead of the previously existing one... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Official language of Indonesia. Belongs to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages. Developed from the Malay language. Writing based on the Latin alphabet INDONESIANS peoples of Indonesia who speak Indonesian languages (over 95%... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

INDONESIAN LANGUAGES(or Malay) languages were traditionally considered as one of the branches of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which, in turn, were included in a larger linguistic group - the Austronesian family of languages. Currently, the idea of the internal classification of Austronesian languages has changed somewhat ( cm. AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES), however, the term “Indonesian languages” remains quite commonly used, especially considering that this group includes the largest languages of the Austronesian family in terms of the number of speakers (one of which, national Indonesian, is by this parameter one of the largest languages in the world ; the number of its speakers exceeds 150 million people). The languages included in the Indonesian branch are distributed from the island of Madagascar off the east coast of Africa (Malagasy or Malagasy) to Taiwan (Formosan languages), but their main areas of distribution are Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.

According to researchers, there are approximately 250 languages and dialects in Indonesia, but extensive research is required to confirm or refute this. Of the most important native languages of the local population, the largest in terms of the number of speakers (about 80 million people) is Javanese, widespread in the central and western part of the island of Java and has a long written tradition (from the 8th century AD) and a rich literature. It is followed by Sundanese (Sunda), spoken in western Java, and Madurese, spoken on the nearby island of Madura and eastern Java. The next largest group includes Acehnese (Ache) and Gayo in northern Sumatra; Batak and Minangkabau languages in central Sumatra; Lampong languages in southern Sumatra; and Malay, spoken on the east coast of Sumatra, West Malaysia, southern Thailand and the coast of Kalimantan. Dayak languages are also spoken in Kalimantan, among which the Ngaju language should be mentioned. One of the groups of languages of Kalimantan (Baritos) also includes the Malagasy language, which is geographically remote from the rest of the Baritos languages by many thousands of kilometers. Other important languages include Balinese, Buginese and Makassar (the latter two languages are spoken in the south of Sulawesi). The territory of distribution of the languages of the Indonesian branch in the east extends to the Moluccas Islands.

In the Philippines, where almost 90 languages are represented, more than 85% of the population speaks one of the following languages: Tagalog, which is the basis of the official language of the Philippines; Cebuano (Sugbuanon); Hiligaynon (Panayan) and Ilocano; Bicol; Varay-Varay (Samara).

In addition to local languages, Indonesia has a national language, the basis of which is the Malay language and which is called the Indonesian language; the term “Bahasa Indonesia” is often used to refer to it, which, in fact, simply means “Indonesian language”. Malay in the proper sense was the native language of the inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula and nearby eastern Sumatra; it is close to the Minangkabau language spoken in west-central Sumatra. In its simplified form, Malay was the lingua franca of all coastal areas of the Indonesian archipelago even before the arrival of Europeans. Its use by the Minangkabau people since 1910 as a literary language led to its further expansion and strengthening of its position in rivalry with Dutch, which was the language of the Indonesian intelligentsia. In October 1928, the Second Youth Congress, held in Jakarta, proclaimed the Indonesian language as a national language, and in 1938, the Indonesian Language Congress was held in Solo, which aimed to discuss problems associated with its use and development. After the Japanese invasion in 1942, all languages were banned except Japanese and Indonesian (which the Dutch and Japanese called Malay). This gave a powerful impetus to the spread of the Indonesian language and necessitated bringing it into line with the needs of modern society. In the period before World War II, the development of the Indonesian language was greatly influenced by the Malay language of Sumatra, but today the influence of Jakarta, which is the seat of government, is rapidly increasing. Javanese, Sundanese and Minangkabau influences continue. Writing based on the Latin alphabet.

Since the 1970s, the Indonesian and Malaysian governments have compiled a common vocabulary, unified spelling, and smoothed out other differences between Indonesian and Malay.

The Malay language was declared the official language of the Malayan (now Malaysian) Federation and Brunei in 1956. During its history, the Malay language has experienced three significant influences: Indian (300-1200 AD); Muslim (11001600); and European (since 1600). During the period of Indian influence, the Old Javanese and Malay languages absorbed many borrowings from Sanskrit through translations Ramayana And Mahabharata. Later, Islam became the main religion of Indonesia and Malaysia, bringing with it hundreds of borrowings, now an integral part of the Malay language. Initially, the European contribution was limited mainly to words borrowed from Portuguese, Dutch and English and denoting hitherto unknown objects, such as “window”, “pen”, “table”, “ink” and many others. etc. The Dutch influence remained very strong, and Dutch usages and syntactic structures are noticeable in modern Indonesian.

The structure of Indonesian languages is based on affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes) that are attached to words equal to the root morpheme: Indonesian rumah"house", perumahan"housing". In Indonesian, nouns have no inflectional affixes, verbs do not express person and number, there are no different classes of nouns and verbs, and there is only one form of adjective. Verb tenses are expressed, if necessary, using various function words. First person plural pronouns have exclusive and inclusive forms: kami"we (excluding the interlocutor)", but kita"we (including the interlocutor)".

Counting words, or classifiers, are widely used. In relation to a person, "one" will be seorang; in relation to an animal seekor, For example: seekor kutjing"one cat" The plural is expressed in several ways, although if the context clearly indicates plurality, it is often not formally expressed in any way. To express the plural, reduplication (doubling) is used, and in writing it is indicated by a superscript (2), for example: buku"book" buku 2 (read buku-buku) "books". Reduplication is also used to express repetition, duration, reciprocity of action and to express a number of other meanings. see also Tagalog LANGUAGE.

INDONESIAN

language, language of Indonesians, official language of the Republic of Indonesia. It is part of the Sumatran group of the Indonesian branch of the Malayo-Polynesian (or Austronesian) family of languages. Title "I. I." was fixed in place of the previously existing name Malay language after the formation of the Republic of Indonesia (1945). I. I., which represents a further stage in the development of the Malay language, differs from it both in the field of vocabulary and morphology.

The oldest monuments of the ancient Malay language (7th century) were discovered on the island. Sumatra. From the 3rd century. to the 30s 20th century the Malay language was maintained as the language of intertribal and inter-island communication. During its existence, the Malay language used various alphabets: until the 13th century. inclusive of one of the Devanagari variants, from the 14th to the 19th centuries. - on an Arabic graphic basis with the addition of several letters, and from the beginning of the 19th century. - on a Latin basis.

In the process of development, the Malay (Indonesian) language was replenished with a number of words from Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch and other languages, as well as from related languages of the Indonesian branch - Javanese, Sundanese, Minan-Kabau. The phonemic composition consists of 6 vowels, 4 diphthongs and 18 consonants, forming oppositions in voicedness - deafness.

The parts of speech are morphologically weakly differentiated, as a result of which the same root morpheme can serve as the basis for the formation of words belonging to several parts of speech without the addition of derivational morphemes. The noun system is devoid of the categories of number, case and gender. Nouns can only take possessive affixes (pronominal enclitics): ajah - “father”, ajahku - “my father”, ajahmu - “your father”, ajahnja - “his father”. Parts of speech called predicates include words denoting processes, states, as well as qualities perceived as states. Process predicates have a category of aspect - general aspect, intensive aspect, formed by doubling the root morpheme, perfect aspect, formed with the help of the prefix ter-. Transitive predicates are characterized by the presence of the prefix me - (phonetic variants men-, mem-, meng-, menj-) in the form of the active voice and the morpheme ku- for the 1st person, kau- for the 2nd and the prefix di- in the passive form. Relations between members of a sentence are expressed by prepositions.

Lit.: Teselkin A. S., Alieva N. F., Indonesian language, M., 1960; Lordkipanidze A. G., Pavlenko A. P. Russian-Indonesian educational dictionary, M., 1963; Bulygin N. F. Ushakova L. G., Pocket Indonesian-Russian Dictionary, M., 1959: Grammar of the Indonesian language, M., 1972 (there is a library).

V. D. Arakin.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Languages ​​in Indonesia. Indonesian language Javanese language learn