Endeavor ship. Abstract: Endeavor ship
Expedition ship Endeavor
Sometimes unremarkable ships become famous precisely because they were lucky enough to be under the command of an outstanding person. Thus, the sailing ship Endeavor will forever go down in the history of navigation as the ship of the great navigator James Cook.
In the mid-1760s. The English Royal Scientific Society considered it necessary to organize an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Its main goal was to observe the expected passage of Venus through the meridian - between the Earth and the Sun. The event was expected on July 3, 1769. Formally, the expedition had nothing to do with the navy. The Admiralty only agreed to provide a ship for a voyage to the Southern Hemisphere. However, it is now recognized that behind the officially declared task there is another “hidden” one, and the main one at that. The calculation was made that it would be possible to discover a new continent - the mysterious Southern Land. The fact is that at that time it was believed that in the region of the South Pole there was a huge continent with a quite decent temperate climate.
Endeavor copy
To command the expeditionary ship (and, accordingly, the entire expedition), the Lords of the Admiralty, after some doubts, chose James Cook. As a matter of fact, no one doubted Cook’s personal qualities, skill as a navigator, talent as a cartographer and enormous interest in long-distance voyages. But the brave and experienced sailor had one significant “flaw”: he came from the common people. True, before James Cook volunteered for military service, he managed to rise from cabin boy to mate of a merchant ship, but for the Royal Navy - Royal Navy - this did not matter. But when it became clear that Cook, in general, had no competitors for the position of captain of the expeditionary vessel, the problem was solved simply: ignoring all class prejudices, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant.
The choice of the expeditionary vessel was most likely due to the peculiarities of Cook's service in the merchant marine, when he sailed for several years on a coal miner. The ships intended for transporting coal were wide, very clumsy sailing ships, unable to develop any significant speed even with a tailwind. They looked very unpresentable. However, according to one of the authors, “...for the owners of the coal miners, aesthetic standards had no value; they were guided only by practical considerations: their ships had to transport as much coal as possible and were excellently equipped for this purpose. In addition, they had other unexpected properties. Despite the fact that with their contours the “coal miners” of the 18th century. they resembled a wooden shoe and a coffin at the same time, they floated perfectly on the water and could withstand the most severe storm (it’s easy to imagine what it was like for their teams!), and their flat bottom and slight draft made it possible to approach almost close to the shore. And on top of everything else, they could take a lot of provisions on board.”
It was on the former “coal miner” that they decided to send an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Assigned to the port of Whitby and called the Earl of Pembroke, the three-masted transport with a displacement of 368.75 long (English) tons was launched in June 1764. It had a fairly wide and blunt bow, a straight transom stern, very full contours and a raised deck. Its length was 32 m (on the lower deck - 29.7 m), and its width was 8.9 m. The speed did not exceed seven knots, but the strength of the structure and stability were assessed as remarkable.
The former collier, renamed "Bark Endeavor" (the first word from the name was soon dropped, and Cook's ship is commonly referred to simply as "Endeavor"), was prepared very carefully for the long voyage. It was equipped with living quarters, including cabins, a carpentry workshop and a forge, and a large supply of canvas and ropes was placed. Medicines and surgical instruments appeared on board (according to the standards of that time, a doctor did not rely on a coal miner), and scientific instruments. Among the cargo were goods for barter and, naturally, ammunition - the ship was armed with small-caliber cannons. According to Cook's own account, at the time of sailing, Endeavor, officially listed as a 14-gun sloop, had 94 people on board, including six scientists and 13 servants, but it is believed that three sailors and one servant were not included in the list.
The Endeavor left Plymouth on August 26, 1768 and headed for the island of Madeira, where it arrived safely. But there the team suffered their first loss: during the release of the anchor, the rope engulfed and dragged the assistant navigator into the water, and they pulled him out lifeless. This was followed by a transition to Rio de Janeiro, but there the expedition was received extremely warily and unkindly. Cook and his ship (let's not forget - a former coal miner) were considered not representatives of Royal Navy, but pirates or smugglers. First Mate Hicks, who went ashore, was arrested, and Cook had to work hard to secure his release. The trip for water and food lasted almost a month. But the scientific activity of the expedition began already at this stage of the voyage - naturalists studied and systematized seabirds, fish, and various animals. Botanists collected so many new, not yet described plant species that they had to work all day without rest.
Christmas was celebrated on the way from Rio de Janeiro to Cape Horn. In honor of the holiday, the team was allowed to “relax a little.” Cook wrote: “Christmas was celebrated yesterday, and there were no sober people on board.” In general, the great navigator showed a fair amount of care for his people, always tried to provide the sailors with fresh food and good water, and to maintain morale, he sometimes allowed the sailors and marines to “have a blast.” Once he put drunken sailors ashore and waited patiently for two days until they returned to working condition, and no one was punished for such an obvious violation of discipline. But there was no mercy for those “guilty” in the struggle for health: when during the voyage two sailors refused to eat fresh meat, they were flogged without further ado. On all voyages, the teams treated their captain with respect and love; they literally idolized him. However, this was caused not only by Cook’s attitude towards people, but also by his highest professionalism in maritime affairs.
On April 13, 1769, the expedition arrived in Tahiti. The Polynesians greeted the British kindly, and preparations began for the main official task. However, the observations carried out on June 3 were not very successful, which was due to the imperfection of the instruments (not a single observer in the whole world was able to obtain the expected results). Despite a number of problems that arose when white people communicated with the Aborigines, there were no serious clashes. Therefore, when the Endeavor left Tahiti in August, local leaders and elders even tried to persuade Cook not to go to sea, and when the British raised the anchor and set the sails, many Polynesians could not hold back their tears.
The trip to the south turned out to be fruitless: having reached the 40° south prescribed by the instructions of the Admiralty. sh., nothing was found. And on October 7, the Endeavor saw the east coast of New Zealand. There Cook and his people encountered very warlike and extremely hostile aborigines towards the newcomers - the Maori. Several skirmishes occurred, and landing on the shore was often simply impossible. But this circumstance did not prevent the cartographic work, which was later stated: “... the map of New Zealand drawn by Cook is striking in its accuracy.” And on occasion, the Maori war canoes had to be driven away with warning shots from cannons (after all, the weapons came in handy!). During the exploration of New Zealand, the inherent shortcomings of the Endeavor appeared: its clumsiness and low speed. In addition, the strong impacts of the waves caused leaks, and the bottom became heavily overgrown. I had to look for a suitable bay and get the ship in order. Cook then headed to the shores of Australia, the southeastern coast of which he reached on April 19, 1770.
Europeans had minimal knowledge about this continent. There was practically no information about nature, the aborigines inhabiting unexplored lands, the flora and fauna. There were no maps, no one suspected the existence of the Great Barrier Reef. As a result, the Endeavor, which was studying the coast, struck a reef on the evening of June 11 and settled firmly on it. This is where the quality of the construction showed - despite serious damage, thanks to the dedicated work of the team and intelligent management, the ship was able to be pulled into deep water. And the hole turned out to be “sealed” in a very peculiar way - a sizeable piece of coral was stuck in it! Then the damaged ship was brought to the shore, where they began to repair the damage. Cook named the river at the mouth of which this happened after his ship, immortalizing its name on the world map. The strait separating Australia from New Guinea was also named Endeavor. By the way, when leaving Australia, Cook solemnly proclaimed it the possession of the British crown; earlier he had also done so in New Zealand and a number of other Pacific islands. It is curious that Cook himself assessed his successes and achievements - truly outstanding - very modestly. In a report addressed to the Lords of the Admiralty, he wrote: “The discoveries made during this voyage cannot be called great!”
After visiting Batavia, which belonged to the Dutch, where many members of the expedition became infected with various tropical diseases, the Endeavor headed for Cape Town, and from there headed to the shores of England. On June 11, 1771, the voyage ended. James Cook was promoted to a new rank and was appointed commander of a battleship, commanded new expeditions and on February 14, 1779 died in a skirmish with natives on the island of Oahu (Hawaii).
By this time, Endeavor's career had also ended. After returning home, the ship was used as transport, and in 1775 it was sold to a private owner. Renamed "Lord Sandwich", it made a voyage to Arkhangelsk. At the end of the year he was involved in the delivery of troops (mercenaries from Hesse) to the rebellious American colonies. In February 1776, the Lord Sandwich delivered its “live cargo” to New York, after which it moved to Newport. There it was used as a floating prison. In August 1778, the British command decided to block the entrance to Narradansett Bay. From August 3 to 6, 12 ships sank to the bottom, including the ex-Endeavour.
At the end of the twentieth century. In Australia, a copy of a historical ship was built, which to this day successfully plows the seas and oceans.
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Endeavor (HMS Endeavor) is the ship of James Cook, on which the famous navigator made his first voyage around the world. The bark "Endeavour" left the stocks in 1764 in the Yorkshire city of Whitby and bore the name "Earl of Pembroke" (Earl of Pembroke). The main mission of the ship was to transport coal. But in 1768, the ship was acquired by the English Admiralty, then James Cook chose it for his expedition and renamed it Endeavor - Endeavor.
The Endeavor was an ugly but strong vessel with excellent seaworthiness. It had a straight, wide bow, shallow draft and all-wood planking. Two of its three masts (foresail and mainsail) carried straight sails; the cruisel and counter-mizzen were raised on the mizzen. Under the bowsprit there was a blind and a bomb blind. In good wind, the Endeavor could travel at speeds of up to 8 knots, which was very good at that time. The length of the sailing ship was 36 meters, the width was slightly more than 9 meters, and the displacement was 360 tons. The sailing ship's armament consisted of 22 guns: 10 cannons and 12 mortars on rotating carriages. Additionally, a longboat (for transporting food and water) and a captain's boat were built for the Endeavor.
On August 26, 1768, Captain James Cook set sail on the ship Endeavor from Plymouth, England, and headed for Tahiti. The official purpose of this trip was to study an astronomical phenomenon: the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, while the unofficial purpose was to search for the Southern continent and study the southern latitudes. The expedition was led by the English scientist Joseph Banks. On April 10, 1769, the Endeavor dropped anchor off the coast of Tahiti. Contrary to established tradition, the British behaved quite peacefully; they tried to exchange food and water from local residents rather than take them by force. Team members were prohibited from using violence against Aboriginal people. Here in Tahiti, Cook's team observed the passage of Venus through the solar disk. And since the official purpose of the voyage was completed, the Endeavor set off for the shores of New Zealand. James Cook discovered that New Zealand consists of two islands separated by straits. Subsequently, this strait was named Cook Strait.
In April 1770, Cook reached the eastern coast of Australia and dropped anchor in a bay where many unknown plants were discovered. Cook called this bay Botanical. On June 11, 1770, the Endeavor ran aground and suffered significant damage to its hull. The hole was plugged with canvas, the ship required major repairs. But it so happened that the Endeavor was cut off from the coast of Australia by the Great Barrier Reef, and the ship with a hole in its side had to travel 360 miles to go around the reef. Thanks to this, another discovery was made - the strait separating New Guinea and Australia was discovered. Through this strait, the Endeavor proceeded to Indonesia, where it was placed for repairs in the port of Batavia. Despite the fact that no one died of scurvy on the ship (of which Cook was so proud), a malaria epidemic began on the ship in Indonesia. In the spring of 1771, Endeavor reached Cape Town, Africa. During this period, 22 crew members died on the ship from malaria and dysentery, and the crew had to be supplemented. On July 12, 1771, James Cook returned to England.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
| "Endeavour" | |
|---|---|
| HMS Endeavor | |
| Service: | UK UK |
| Sailing type | Barque |
| Organization | Royal Navy |
| Launched | 1764 |
| Removed from the fleet | March 1775 |
| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | 368 tons (approx.) |
| Gondeck length | 106 ft (32 m) |
| Midship width | 29 ft 3 dm (8.92 m) |
| Engines | Sail |
| Travel speed | 7-8 knots (13-15 km/h) |
There were two versions of what happened to the legendary barque. One at a time - the sailboat has ended its days Excerpt characterizing Endeavor (ship)
– Parlez vous francais? – the officer repeated the question to him, staying away from him. - Faites venir l "interprete. [Call an interpreter.] - A small man in a Russian civilian dress came out from behind the rows. Pierre, by his attire and speech, immediately recognized him as a Frenchman from one of the Moscow shops.“Il n"a pas l"air d"un homme du peuple, [He doesn’t look like a commoner," said the translator, looking at Pierre.
– Oh, oh! ca m"a bien l"air d"un des incendiaires," the officer blurred. "Demandez lui ce qu"il est? [Oh, oh! he looks a lot like an arsonist. Ask him who he is?] he added.
- Who are you? – asked the translator. “The authorities must answer,” he said.
– Je ne vous dirai pas qui je suis. Je suis votre prisonnier. Emmenez moi, [I won't tell you who I am. I am your prisoner. Take me away,” Pierre suddenly said in French.
- Ah, Ah! – the officer said, frowning. - Marchons!
A crowd gathered around the lancers. Closest to Pierre stood a pockmarked woman with a girl; When the detour started moving, she moved forward.
-Where are they taking you, my darling? - she said. - This girl, what am I going to do with this girl, if she’s not theirs! - the woman said.
– Qu"est ce qu"elle veut cette femme? [What does she want?] - asked the officer.
Pierre looked like he was drunk. His ecstatic state intensified even more at the sight of the girl he had saved.
“Ce qu"elle dit?” he said. “Elle m”apporte ma fille que je viens de sauver des flammes,” he said. - Adieu! [What does she want? She is carrying my daughter, whom I saved from the fire. Farewell!] - and he, not knowing how this aimless lie escaped him, walked with a decisive, solemn step among the French.
The French patrol was one of those that were sent by order of Duronel to various streets of Moscow to suppress looting and especially to capture the arsonists, who, according to the general opinion that emerged that day among the French of the highest ranks, were the cause of the fires. Having traveled around several streets, the patrol picked up five more suspicious Russians, one shopkeeper, two seminarians, a peasant and a servant, and several looters. But of all the suspicious people, Pierre seemed the most suspicious of all. When they were all brought to spend the night in a large house on Zubovsky Val, in which a guardhouse was established, Pierre was placed separately under strict guard.
In St. Petersburg at this time, in the highest circles, with greater fervor than ever, there was a complex struggle between the parties of Rumyantsev, the French, Maria Feodorovna, the Tsarevich and others, drowned out, as always, by the trumpeting of the court drones. But calm, luxurious, concerned only with ghosts, reflections of life, St. Petersburg life went on as before; and because of the course of this life, it was necessary to make great efforts to recognize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. Only in the highest circles were efforts made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. It was told in whispers how the two empresses acted opposite to each other in such difficult circumstances. Empress Maria Feodorovna, concerned about the welfare of the charitable and educational institutions under her jurisdiction, made an order to send all institutions to Kazan, and the things of these institutions were already packed. Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, when asked what orders she wanted to make, with her characteristic Russian patriotism, deigned to answer that she could not make orders about state institutions, since this concerned the sovereign; about the same thing that personally depends on her, she deigned to say that she will be the last to leave St. Petersburg.
Anna Pavlovna had an evening on August 26, the very day of the Battle of Borodino, the flower of which was to be the reading of the letter from the Eminence, written when sending the image of the venerable saint Sergius to the sovereign. This letter was revered as an example of patriotic spiritual eloquence. It was to be read by Prince Vasily himself, famous for his art of reading. (He also read for the Empress.) The art of reading was considered to consist in pouring out words loudly, melodiously, between a desperate howl and a gentle murmur, completely regardless of their meaning, so that, quite by chance, a howl would fall on one word, and a murmur on others. This reading, like all Anna Pavlovna’s evenings, had political significance. At this evening there were to be several important persons who had to be shamed for their trips to the French theater and encouraged into a patriotic mood. Quite a lot of people had already gathered, but Anna Pavlovna had not yet seen all the people she needed in the living room, and therefore, without starting to read yet, she started general conversations.
The news of the day that day in St. Petersburg was the illness of Countess Bezukhova. A few days ago the Countess unexpectedly fell ill, missed several meetings of which she was an adornment, and it was heard that she did not see anyone and that instead of the famous St. Petersburg doctors who usually treated her, she entrusted herself to some Italian doctor who treated her with some new and in an extraordinary way.
Everyone knew very well that the illness of the lovely countess was due to the inconvenience of marrying two husbands at once and that the Italian’s treatment consisted in eliminating this inconvenience; but in the presence of Anna Pavlovna, not only did no one dare to think about it, but it was as if no one knew it.
- On dit que la pauvre comtesse est tres mal. Le medecin dit que c"est l"angine pectorale. [They say that the poor countess is very bad. The doctor said it was a chest disease.]
- L"angine? Oh, c"est une maladie terrible! [Chest disease? Oh, this is a terrible disease!]
- On dit que les rivaux se sont reconcilies grace a l "angine... [They say that the rivals were reconciled thanks to this illness.]
Plan
Introduction
1 History of creation
2 Further fate
3 Interesting facts
4 See also
5 Sources
Bibliography
Introduction
Endeavor (English HMS Endeavor - effort) is the first ship commanded by the British explorer, cartographer and discoverer of the 18th century, Captain James Cook, who used it in his first expedition to new lands.
1. History of creation
Endeavor appeared in 1764. It was built on the docks of the seaside town of Whitby, located in Yorkshire, where James Cook's career began. Thus, both the captain and his ship began their “sea life” in one place. The ship belonged to the category of "cat-bilt" - ships with a straight, wide bow. In the documents of James Cook's maiden voyage, Inderor is invariably called a bark. The ship's features were three masts, straight sails on the foremasts and mainmasts, and a mizzen without yards. The ship had 22 cannons, 12 of them on rotating carriages. The first biographer of the famous navigator, his contemporary Kippis, argued that Cook himself chose Endeavor during the period of preparation for the expedition, although modern studies tend to argue that the ship was selected by chance and without Cook’s participation. Agents of the Navy Board purchased the ship from the owner on March 28, 1768, and when the buyers inspected the ship at Deptford Docks, it turned out that the planking, masts and rigging required extensive repairs.
In Deptford, a command boat, longboat and yawl were built especially for Endeavor. The boat was intended for trips ashore by the captain and officers, and a longboat for transporting water, firewood and supplies to the ship. Endeavor had high seaworthiness and Captain Cook noted that the ship, with a wind of one or two points behind the beam (steep backstay), moves at a speed of 7.4 knots. “This ship is a good sailor and easy to sail,” Cook wrote. Serious tests in the Coral Sea, when Endeavor received a large hole, the ship withstood with honor. But Endeavor also had its drawbacks, for example the lack of copper plating, which protected the ship's wooden hull from the destructive work of shipworms. Endeavor was also the first ship from which longitude could be accurately determined. This is confirmed by the navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage, during which not a single person died from scurvy, whereas scurvy at that time killed most sailors. The circumstances of Cook's expedition had a detrimental effect on the condition of the ship. On June 11, 1772, after a four-year voyage, when the Endeavor returned to the port of London, she was a pitiful sight.
2. Further fate
The fate of the ship is shrouded in mystery. There are two versions of what happened to the legendary bark. One by one, the sailing ship ended its days on the Thames. According to another version, the ship, after circumnavigating the world, was sold to a French merchant, who renamed it “La Liberte” - “Freedom”. The Frenchman, in turn, transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. In America, the legendary barque was badly damaged by a British ship; his remains were probably buried by his co-owners in Newport, Rhode Island.
3. Interesting facts
· Endeavor was originally built to carry coal to Whitby, but was purchased and refitted by the Royal Navy in 1768.
· The Command Module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after James Cook's first spacecraft. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out.
See also James CookGreat geographical discoveries Sources
· James Cook, Moscow, 2008.
· Y. M. Svet, Navigator of Foggy Albion. James Cook, Moscow, 1963.
Bibliography:
1. James Cook, Sailing on the Endeavor in 1768-1771, Moscow, 2008.
Plan
Introduction
1 History of creation
2 Further fate
3 Interesting facts
4 See also
5 Sources
Bibliography
Introduction
Endeavor (English HMS Endeavor - effort) is the first ship commanded by the British explorer, cartographer and discoverer of the 18th century, Captain James Cook, who used it in his first expedition to new lands.
1. History of creation
Endeavor appeared in 1764. It was built on the docks of the seaside town of Whitby, located in Yorkshire, where James Cook's career began. Thus, both the captain and his ship began their “sea life” in one place. The ship belonged to the category of “cat-bilt” - ships with a straight, wide bow. In the documents of James Cook's maiden voyage, Inderor is invariably called a bark. The ship's features were three masts, straight sails on the foremasts and mainmasts, and a mizzen without yards. The ship had 22 cannons, 12 of them on rotating carriages. The first biographer of the famous navigator, his contemporary Kippis, argued that Cook himself chose Endeavor during the period of preparation for the expedition, although modern studies tend to argue that the ship was selected by chance and without Cook’s participation. Agents of the Navy Board purchased the ship from the owner on March 28, 1768, and when the buyers inspected the ship at Deptford Docks, it turned out that the planking, masts and rigging required extensive repairs.
In Deptford, a command boat, longboat and yawl were built especially for Endeavor. The boat was intended for trips ashore by the captain and officers, and a longboat for transporting water, firewood and supplies to the ship. Endeavor had high seaworthiness and Captain Cook noted that the ship, with a wind of one or two points behind the beam (steep backstay), moves at a speed of 7.4 knots. “This ship is a good sailor and easy to sail,” Cook wrote. Serious tests in the Coral Sea, when Endeavor received a large hole, the ship withstood with honor. But Endeavor also had its drawbacks, for example the lack of copper plating, which protected the ship's wooden hull from the destructive work of shipworms. Endeavor was also the first ship from which longitude could be accurately determined. This is confirmed by the navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage, during which not a single person died from scurvy, whereas scurvy at that time killed most sailors. The circumstances of Cook's expedition had a detrimental effect on the condition of the ship. On June 11, 1772, after a four-year voyage, Endeavor returned to the port of London to be a pitiful sight.
2. Further fate
The fate of the ship is shrouded in mystery. There are two versions of what happened to the legendary bark. One by one, the sailing ship ended its days on the Thames. According to another version, the ship, after circumnavigating the world, was sold to a French merchant, who renamed it “La Liberte” - “Freedom”. The Frenchman, in turn, transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. In America, the legendary barque was badly damaged by a British ship; his remains were probably buried by his co-owners in Newport, Rhode Island.
3. Interesting facts
· Endeavor was originally built to carry coal to Whitby, but was purchased and refitted by the Royal Navy in 1768.
· The Command Module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after James Cook's first spacecraft. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out.
See also James CookGreat geographical discoveries Sources
· James Cook, Moscow, 2008.
· Y. M. Svet, Navigator of Foggy Albion. James Cook, Moscow, 1963.
Bibliography:
1. James Cook, Sailing on the Endeavor in 1768-1771, Moscow, 2008.
