Form a participle from a verb online in English. Participle in English - what is it like? In examples and practice

Which combines the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian it corresponds to participle and gerund: doing- doing, doing; opening- opening, opening; done- made; opened- open.

Having the properties of an adjective and an adverb, a participle in a sentence can serve as a definition or circumstance. Verbal properties are manifested in the fact that a participle can have a direct object.

English participles are divided into:

• present participles (Present Participle or Participle I).
• past participles (Past Participle or Participle II).

Participle forms

Negative participle forms are formed using a particle not, which is placed before the participle: not asking- without asking, not broken- not broken.

Present participle. Participle I

The present participle (Present Participle or Participle I) has two forms:

• Present Participle Simple (simple participle).
• Present Participle Perfect (perfect participle).

Simple participle. Present Participle Simple

Present Participle Simple(simple present participle) corresponds to the Russian present participle (reading, building) and the imperfective participle (reading, building).

This form is formed by adding the ending -ing to the verb stem:
read + ing - reading - reading, reading
build + ing - building - building, building

In passive voice - being + III form of the verb:
being read - readable, being readable (i.e. when it was read)
being built - being built, being under construction (i.e. when it was built)

Examples of sentences with simple participles:
Everybody looked at the dancing girl. — Everyone looked at the dancing girl.
The speaking doll interested the child very much. — The child was very interested in the talking doll.
Traveling in America, I saw a lot of interesting things. — Traveling around America, I saw a lot of interesting things.
The house being built in our street is very good. — The house being built on our street is very good (the house that is being built). - passive voice

Perfect participle. Present Participle Perfect

Present Participle Perfect(present perfect participle) corresponds to the Russian perfect participle (read, constructed).

It is formed according to the following formula - having + III form of the verb:
having read - having read
having built - having built

In passive voice - having been + III form of the verb:

having been read - having been read (i.e. when it was read)
having been built - having been built (i.e. when it was built)

Examples of sentences with the perfect participle:

Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. — Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor left.
Having drunk a cup of tea, she felt better. — After drinking a cup of tea, she felt better.
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. — Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost. - passive voice

Past participle. Participle II

Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is the III form of the verb and corresponds to the Russian passive past participle (read, constructed). Participle II has only the passive voice form.

The past participle is III verb form:

read - read
built - built
opened - open
invited - invited

The third form of irregular verbs must be remembered!

Present Participle - Participle in English

The Participle ["pα:tsıpl]

A participle is an impersonal form of a verb, combining the properties of a verb, an adjective and an adverb. In Russian it corresponds to participle and gerund (in English there is no separate form corresponding to the Russian gerund).

In English there is two participles:

1) Participle I (Participle I or Present Participle) - present participle. Has two forms :

A) Present Participle Simple Tense. Corresponds to the Russian present participle and imperfective participle: reading- reading, reading, resting - vacationer, resting;

b) Present Participle Perfect. Corresponds to the Russian perfect participle: having written - having written, having read - after reading.

2) Participle II (Participle II or Past Participle) - past participle. The participle of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian passive past participle: opened -open,dressed -dressed, made -made.

The English participle has the properties adjective , adverbs And verb .

How adjective , the participle performs the function of defining a noun in a sentence and corresponds Russian Communion :

A broken cup lay on the floor. - Broken the cup was lying on the floor.

How adverb , the participle performs the function of a circumstance that determines the action expressed by the predicate and corresponds Russian participle :

Verbal the properties of the participle are expressed in the fact that it can have a direct object:

Entering the room he found all the pupils present. - Upon entering into the room, he saw that all the students were present.

and can be defined by an adverb:

He liked the rest in the evening walking slowly in the park. - He liked to relax in the evening, walking slow in the park.

Intransitive verbs have no forms Passive voice.

Let's remember that: Transitive verbs are verbs that express actions that can move to a subject and answer a question. who?, what? . For example: see, drop.

Intransitive verbs are verbs that express actions that do not directly transfer to an object or person. For example: live, cry, sit. Such verbs are used only in the active voice.

Many English verbs are transitive in one of their several meanings and intransitive in another, for example: burn - burn(transitive) / burn(intransitive); sit - plant(transitive) / sit(intransitive).

Formation of participle forms

Present Participle Simple (Active) Tense- simple form, formed by adding the ending -ing to the original form of the verb, ( , or IV form);

Present Participle Simple (Passive) Tense to be being and a semantic verb in the form Past Participle (or III form).

Present Participle Perfect (Active)- formed using an auxiliary verb to have in the form of Present Participle Simple, namely - having -ed or III form);

Present Participle Perfect (Passive)- formed using an auxiliary verb to be in the form of Present Participle Perfect, namely - having been and the semantic verb in the Past Participle form (form with -ed or III form).

Participle II (Past Participle)- has only one form of collateral ( Passive). By type of education it is III verb form or -ed form.

Negative participle forms are formed by placing a particle not before the sacrament, for example: not asking - without asking,not seen - invisible,not being read - unread.

Present Participle Simple
or simply Participle I (present participle)

Participle I or the present participle in the active voice has a simple form with a characteristic ing- ending and in the passive voice - a complex form with ing- ending shifted to an auxiliary verb.

This form is used regardless of the tense in which the predicate stands, expressing only simultaneity with an action expressed by a predicate verb. In a sentence, Participle I (Active and Passive) performs the function of a modifier or circumstance.

Active voice

Can convey the following temporary relationships:

a) Expresses simultaneity with an action expressed by the predicate verb of a sentence in the present, past or future. Name - " present participle" is thus purely conditional. For example:

b) Participles in the role of adverbial circumstances, formed from verbs of physical perception and movement, can denote action preceding an action expressed by the predicate verb of a sentence, that is, an action usually conveyed by the form Perfect Participle I.

c) Can express an action related to present time ( moment of speech ) regardless of what tense the verb-predicate of the sentence is in or used whatever In time. For example:

As a definition

As a definition of a noun ( Which? which? which? ) Participle I characterizes a person or thing through its action. Unlike the gerund, which has the same form, it is not preceded by a preposition.

It can be found both before the defined noun (single participle) and after the defined noun (with words dependent on it, forming a participial phrase).

1) Before a noun, as a verbal adjective. It is translated into Russian by the present or past participle and shows that the described object or person itself performs the action:

In this case, the defined noun must be a person or thing that can itself carry out the action expressed by the participle. Otherwise, this verb form will be a gerund, for example:

2) After a noun, where the participle I, together with the words related to it, forms a attributive participial phrase. Translated into Russian by a participle or predicate of a subordinate attributive clause introduced by the word which . Unlike participial phrases in Russian, attributive participial phrases in English. In languages, commas are not usually used.

Attributive participial phrases must immediately follow the noun to which they refer; violation of this rule leads to a change in the meaning of the statement:

Note: Participial attributive phrases are used in cases when actions expressed by the predicate verb of the sentence and the participle occur simultaneously .

Can you see the girl dancing with your brother? - You you see girl, dancing with your brother?

The boys throwing stones into the pond laughed loudly. - boys, those who quit stones in the pond, loud laughed.

If these actions occur not at the same time , then when translating a Russian participial phrase into English, it should be translated by a defining subordinate clause with a predicate in the required tense:

In the first sentence: one action is in the present, the second action is " smashed" in the past. In the second sentence, both actions are in the past, but they are not simultaneous - first " threw", then they finished and another action began - " let's go home".

As circumstances

In the role of adverbial participle I explains when?, why?, for what reason?, how?, under what circumstances? etc. the main action, expressed by the predicate verb of the sentence, occurs. Used:

1) In participial phrases to express circumstances time . It can appear at the beginning or end of a sentence; it is usually translated into Russian by an imperfect gerund or a predicate of a subordinate clause introduced by words when, since, although etc. (usually when it is difficult for us to form a Russian gerund from the word being translated, for example from the words write, bake and so on.).

With some verbs, the participle can also express precedence, then it is translated by the perfect participle:

In this case, the participle is often introduced by conjunctions when When And while while, while, which are usually not translated into Russian. Union when is used when we are talking about an ordinary, repeated action, and the conjunction while then, when talking about a one-time action, more often as a process occurring simultaneously with the action of the predicate verb. The choice often depends on whether we want to convey simply a fact - with when, or emphasize the duration - s while(as in the case of using Continuous forms).

Note: Participle I of the verb to be - being not used in phrases expressing the circumstance of time. Therefore it should be translated:

Please note that after when/while participle being simply omitted and can be translated: When/While a child… - As a child..., When/While in Moscow… - When I was in Moscow....

Being, however, is used in phrases expressing the circumstance of the cause:

2) In participial phrases to express circumstances causes , most often with participles formed from verbs of thinking, emotions, for example: knowing knowing, remembering remembering, hoping hoping etc., as well as being being and having having:

Let us remember that the participle being here denotes the reason for the action, and not the circumstance of time (which means that, for example, the expression Being a student, she... is translated Since she was a student, she..., but not Then (at the time) when she was a student, she...; the last expression can be translated - When/While a student, she…):

3) To express circumstances course of action or accompanying circumstances (actions) . The participle or participial phrase in this case expresses second, accompanying action which occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate verb, or immediately precedes to him.

Note: If behind the verb ing-the form at the beginning of the sentence follows the predicate - then this is a gerund, for example: Reading helps us...- Reading helps us ….

Such phrases during translation cannot be replaced by a subordinate clause, but the participle can be replaced, without damaging the meaning, by a second predicate. It’s just that in English the participle in such cases is more common than the second predicate.

The participial phrase expressing the second action is usually not separated by a comma if it is at the beginning of the sentence and, most often, is highlighted if it is at the end of the sentence. A comma is placed obligatory only when there is a possibility of taking the participle as a definition of the word to the left of it. For example:

The second action immediately preceding an action expressed by the predicate verb of a sentence can be expressed by Participle I and is usually translated by a perfect gerund. Often used with participles formed from verbs of motion and others, for example:

The second, as well as the third, action, expressed by Participle I, can immediately follow the action of the predicate verb (usually it is quite clear from the situation or context how they occurred):

Participle I, in addition, is part of complex verb forms:

Participle I (present participle) is used as a semantic verb in complex verb forms of the active voice (Active Voice): Continuous And Perfect Continuous. Let us remember that all these forms are formed from the combination of the auxiliary verb to be(in the appropriate conjugation) + semantic verb in the form of Participle I (aka IV form of the verb or ing- form). For example:

Passive voice

Participle I in this form expresses an action experienced by the person or object to which the participle refers.

1) In the role definitions to a noun is used in participial phrases corresponding to subordinate clauses with a verb in the passive voice. Here Participle I is used to express actions taking place at the present moment or in the present period of time. Usually translated by the Russian passive present participle:

2) In the role circumstances (time and reason). Adverbial phrases with complex forms of participles in the passive voice are usually translated into Russian by subordinate adverbial clauses with conjunctions When; because; after etc., and the participle itself is translated by the predicate of the subordinate clause.

In its function of circumstance, Participle I (Passive) corresponds to the Russian form of the gerund, for example: being asked, being broken, being written - being asked, being broken, being written. However, this form is rarely used, and in modern Russian a subordinate clause is used here.

A participle is a part of speech that is formed from a verb and combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective.

There are two types of participles in English:

• present participle (Present Participle or Participle I)
• past participle (Past Participle or Participle II).

Present Participle – Participle 1.

Participle I in English corresponds to the real participle in Russian:

• singing-singing;
• working – working;
• crying - crying.

Participle I is used to form Continuous tenses.

For example:

Molly is singing – Molly sings (Present Continuous).

I have been working since noon. – I have been working since noon (Present Perfect Continuous).

He was crying when I met him. – He cried when I met him (Past Continuous).

Present participles (Participle 1) have two tense forms in the active voice - these are PresentParticiple And PresentParticiplePerfect and two forms in the passive voice are PresentParticiplePassive And PresentParticiplePerfectPassive.

ParticipleI – table of forms.

Present Participle expresses actions that occur simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate:

Greg is looking at the girl playing the piano. — Greg looks at the girl playing the piano.

The Present Participle Perfect expresses the action preceding the action of the predicate verb:

Having received much money, Sally moved to another place to live. — Having received a lot of money, Sally moved to live in another place.

Having been washed by the downpour, the grass looked pretty. — Washed by the rain, the grass looked fresh.

Attention! Present participles of verbs

• close
• open,
• arrive,
• enter
• pass,
• cross and other similar ones

in function, time adverbials can, along with past participles, denote a previous action:

Arriving in Astana Liz saw her husband. = Having arrived in Astana Liz saw her husband. — Arriving in Astana, Lisa saw her husband.

Participle II (Past Participle).

Participle II has the properties of a verb, adjective and circumstantial.

Participle II is used to form Perfect tenses.

I have washed the dishes. - I washed the dishes. (Present Perfect)

I had been there before I went there with Mike. “I was there before I went there with Mike.” (Past Perfect)

Past Participle has only one form, which corresponds to the Russian passive participle:

The payment received last week was accepted. — The payment received yesterday was accepted.

The grass washed by the rain, looked fresh. — The grass, washed by the rain, looked fresh.

Negative form of participles.

To form a negative form, the negation not must be placed immediately before the participle:

Not knowing the rule, he turned left. “Not knowing the rules, he turned left.

Functions of participles in a sentence.

The use of participles in the definition function

In the function of definition, Present Participle and Past Participle can be used before nouns:

• amazing news (amazing news) - amazed girl (surprised girl)
• falling tree - fallen tree

Using participles as part of a compound predicate

Present and Past Participle are used as parts of a compound predicate, while the Present Participle characterizes the object. Past Participle - emotional or physical state of the subject:

I am amused(Participle II) because the show is amusing (Participle I).

I was confused(Participle II) because the plan was confusing (Participle I).

He is bored(Participle II) because the match is boring (Participle I).

They were surprised(Participle II) because the news was really surprising (Participle I).

The most common participles in English.

Often, the use of Participle I and Participle II causes difficulty, since Participles are formed from the same verb and the difference in their meaning, although there is, may not seem obvious. Here is a list of the most common participles with translation.

A list of the most common verbs from which both present participles and past participles are formed, used as definitions.

While studying the grammatical rules of the English language, you will certainly come across such a question as parts of speech. One of them is communion. This article is devoted to its varieties, methods of formation and functions.

Definition

A participle in English is a form of a verb (non-finite), which has equally the characteristics of a verb, an adjective and an adverb. In total, there are two types: the first participle (or present tense) and the second participle (past tense).

First Communion

Present Participle is a participle in English, also called first. Although it grammatically refers to the present tense, it can nevertheless express different relationships, depending on the context and tense form in which the semantic verb appears.

The first participle is divided into two types: simple (Simple) and perfect (Perfect). In the first case, there is a similarity with the Russian imperfective participle: doing - doing, resting - resting. In the second case, the form of the verb can be called an analogue of the Russian perfect participle: having written - having written, having finished - having finished.

The Present Participle Simple is formed by combining the infinitive of a verb with the ending -ing.

• go - going;
• write - writing (the final “e” is removed);
• sit - sitting (in some cases the last vowel is doubled);
• lie - lying (“i” changes to “y”, and the final letter “e” is also removed).

The Present Participle Perfect is formed as follows: the infinitive of the verb have with the ending -ing + 3rd form of the verb. For example: having written, having gone, having decided, etc.

Use of the first participle

What is this part of speech needed for? Present Participle Simple is used in many cases.

1. Characteristics of the action, simultaneous with the main one.

Walking along the beach, I see birds. - Walking along the beach, I see birds.

2. Characteristics of the subject.

The man standing there is my father. - The man standing there is my father.

3. An expression of an action that occurred immediately before another.

Finishing the work, they left quickly. - Having completed their work, they quickly left.

Somewhat less often you can find the use of Present Participle Perfect. It expresses an action that precedes the main one.

Having decided what to do, she dialed the number. - Deciding what to do, she dialed the number.

Differences between participle 1 and gerund

Outwardly, these two parts of speech look exactly the same: the stem of the verb with the ending -ing. However, in meaning and role in a sentence, they differ significantly from each other.

The peculiarity of the gerund is that it can almost always be translated into Russian as a verbal noun or infinitive. This won't work with first communion.

A reading boy seemed not to notice anything. - The reading boy didn’t seem to notice anything.

If you carefully read both sentences, you might have noticed that in the first case the gerund reading occupies an independent position, and in the second case the participle reading refers to the noun boy.

Let's not forget about the perfect form of the first participle. The Present Participle Perfect appears in the following example:

Having made a decision we began to work. (Having made a decision, we began to work).

In turn, the gerund can be found in this sentence:

Having made a decision is the first step to new life. (Making a decision is the first step to a new life).

We figured out what the first participle is and how it differs from a gerund. Now let's see how the 1st and 2nd participles differ in English.

Second Communion

This type of English participle is also called Past Participle. If we compare it with the Russian language, then the analogue is the passive participle. This is how it is usually translated: eaten - eaten, destroyed - destroyed, etc.

Participle 1 in the active voice (Present Participle Active) is used when the associated noun or pronoun denotes the subject of the action (that is, it itself performs it):

Singing she entered the room. (Humming, she entered the room.)

Participle 1 in the passive voice (Present Participle Passive) is used when the associated noun or pronoun expresses the object of the action (that is, experiences the action on itself):

Being tired he refused to join us. (Being tired, he refused to join us).

Participle 2, due to its specificity, exists only in the passive voice. These are the main features of the participle in English. The table below demonstrates the features of the formation, use and translation of these forms.

What role does the participle play in a sentence?

The functions of participles in English are quite varied. They are determined by type (1 or 2) and voice (active or passive). Depending on these factors, the participle can play the role of a modifier, adverbial or predicate (in an impersonal sentence). Also, this part of speech is often used with prepositions or conjunctions.

It is not easy to describe in a nutshell the possibilities of participles in English. The table below will help you understand this with specific examples.

How to learn?

Of course, it won’t be easy to immediately remember all the varieties of participles in English. Grammar exercises will help you master this topic. As a change, it will be useful to work with multimedia materials: songs and videos with English subtitles. For example, you can do this:

1. Listen to the song, looking at its English lyrics.

2. Find all participles in the text, determine their type, what verb they are formed from, and translate.

3. Then translate the entire song yourself.

4. Find a professional translation and test yourself.

5. Sing the song several times.

At the listening stage (holding the text before your eyes), you will learn to distinguish English participles visually and auditorily. Searching for and detailed analysis of language units found in the text will help you apply your theoretical knowledge in practice and develop awareness. Translation will become an auxiliary tool, and at the same time it will help refresh or expand your vocabulary. Singing is an important step that should not be skipped. It will help consolidate what you have learned in speech, as well as provide psychological relief.

Practical work with participles (written exercises, watching films and listening to music, translating text fragments) helps to remember this part of speech well, so that you can then understand it when perceiving information or use it yourself when speaking English.

So, friends, the topic of today's lesson is Communion in English... Although it would be more correct to say “participles”. But first things first!

There are 2 participles in English: participle 1 And participle II. This impersonal verb forms that have the characteristics of an adjective, participle, gerund, and even an adverb. How do you like the mixture? Impressive? Let's take everything apart piece by piece.

Participle I

Education:

Participle 1 is formed by adding the ending to the verb –ing.

When writing, you should consider the following features:

• If a one-syllable verb ends with a consonant, the consonant is doubled (to preserve the vowel reading): cut-cu tt ing
• Mute – e at the end it appears: take -taking
• -Y at the end it is saved: play -playing

Negative form is formed through the particle not: notbuying

Participle 1 can have several forms, see table with examples:

Moreover, Intransitive verbs do not have a passive voice form!

*A transitive verb is a verb whose action is directed to an object (“transitions” to an object - for example, take (book) ).

1. Present participles denote simultaneity of action
2. Perfect participles indicate that an action happened before.

Having cooked, she took a rest.— Having prepared dinner, she lay down to rest.

Cooking dinner, she forgot spices. — When cooking After dinner she forgot about the spices.

BUT: Present Participle of verbs to come, to arrive, to cross, to enter can express an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate:

Entering the room he saw his best friend.– Entering the room, he saw his best friend.

Use:

• Part of the tense form (the tenses of the Continuous group).

She is sleeping now. She's sleeping now .

• Definition before the noun.

A running boy- running boy.

• Definition after the noun.

I don't know theboy running over there. I don't know the boy who is running there. Or: I don’t know the boy running there.

• In a participial phrase.

Not knowing his phone number I was unable to tell him the news. Without knowing his phone number, I was unable to convey the news to him.

• After the conjunctions when and while, which, as a rule, are not translated into Russian.

While traveling he visited 20 countries. – While traveling (while traveling), he visited 20 countries.

Note: participle of the verb to be goes down, if it comes about the time, And is preserved, if we talk about the reason:

Being afraid of dogs, my daughter didn’t want to visit our neighbors. Due to fear of dogs, my daughter didn’t want to visit the neighbors. - (reason)

WhileinLondon he saw the queen. When he was in London, he saw the queen. - (time)

Participle II

Education:

This is the third form of the verb, i.e. for regular verbs it is formed by adding an ending –ed. And the wrong ones 3rd form need to look in special tables / in the dictionary and it is very advisable to know it by heart. By the way, it is often called “past participle,” but keep in mind that this is not an entirely correct definition.

Here you should also remember some writing rules (for regular verbs):

• If a one-syllable verb ends with a consonant, then it is doubled: stop –stopped
• If the verb ends in -y, then this letter is replaced by –ied: cry - cried . The exception is verbs ending in -y, preceded by a vowel, i.e.: play - played.

Use:

• As a definition. Translated into Russian by participle, it has meaning passive collateral

A broken leg- broken leg.

• In a participial phrase after a noun. Moreover, such a construction can be translated either simply by a participle or by an entire subordinate clause.

The show, watched by my sister, was funny. Show, which I watched my sister, that was funny.

• For the formation of times such as Present Perfect And Past Perfect, as well as the passive voice.

He has already translated the email. He has already translated the letter.

He was brought up by his grandmother. He was raised by his grandmother.

• After alliances when, while, if, unless. The construction can be translated into a subordinate clause.

When reminded of her promise she always blushed. “When she was reminded of her promise, she always blushed.”

I think you managed to deal with this topic. And if you have any questions, welcome to the comments!