Short exclamatory sentences. Expressive syntax

In order to correctly read a sentence, correctly understand its meaning and correctly place punctuation marks, you need to understand what sentences are based on the purpose of the statement. It is also very important to be able to determine their species. What kinds of proposals are there for the purpose of the statement? In the Russian language, there are several classifications of these syntactic units, including those regarding the purpose of the utterance, as well as the specifics of pronunciation.

Types of sentences by purpose of utterance and intonation

Let us clarify that intonation implies the emotional design of a sentence. According to the purpose of making proposals, there are:

Narrative.
Interrogative.
Incentive.

In turn, any of them can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory - depending on the intonation with which the speaker pronounces it (calm or emotional).

Declarative sentences

The most common sentences for the purpose of the statement are, of course, narrative ones. Their task is to communicate information that can either be affirmed or denied.

A narrative sentence expresses a complete thought, conveyed using special intonation: the main word from a logical point of view is emphasized in the voice, and at the end of the phrase the tone lowers and becomes calmer.

You don’t need to look far for examples of narrative sentences - they are at every step: “Mom bought bread,” “Spring has come and brought warmth with it,” “Mitya has the best grade in the class!”

Interrogative sentences

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement are also interrogative. Their semantic task is to convey a question. Questions can be different, which determines the subtypes of this type of proposal. Depending on the purpose of the question and the nature of the intended answer, the following are distinguished:

Interrogative sentences are also of different types according to their nature. This:

The means of achieving the goal of interrogative sentences are special intonation in oral speech, a question mark in writing, as well as question words (what, how, why, etc.), particles (is it really possible) and a certain word order: (“Adults go to work?”, “Who goes to work?”, “Where do adults go?”).

Incentive offers

Types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement have one more, third, type - incentive. These are sentences that contain a certain expression of the will of the author of the phrase. Their main task is to induce the addressee to take some action, and the incentive can be expressed in different forms.

Prayers: “I beg you, let me look at my son at least once!!!”
Requests: “Please give me a pencil.”
Order: “Shut up immediately!”
Wishes: “Get well soon, be kind.”

The incentive to action in sentences of this type is expressed using a special (motivating) intonation, the form of the imperative mood of the predicates and some particles such as “let”, “come on”, “come on”, etc.

Non-exclamatory sentences

Thus, what kinds of sentences there are regarding the purpose of an utterance is now clear. As for intonation colors, the vast majority of them are non-exclamatory. They are pronounced calmly, without emotional strain or special feeling. Most often they represent a narrative message or question, less often - an incentive.

Examples: “The hot tea spread warmth throughout my whole body,” “Where did this boy come to us from?”, “Please take your mother’s hand.”

Exclamatory sentences

Sentences pronounced in a special tone and with a special feeling are called exclamatory. Most often, phrases containing incentives need such intonation, but any other type can have an exclamatory coloring.

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are:

Narrative exclamations: “Summer has come - how great it is!”
Interrogative exclamations: “Will you never accept the truth?!”
Incentive exclamations: “Give me my toy immediately!”

Highlighting in writing

The punctuation marks in them depend on what kind of sentences there are for the purpose of the statement and intonation.

The end of a non-exclamatory declarative sentence is indicated by a period: “That’s how this strange story ended.”
A non-exclamatory interrogative sentence ends with a question mark: “Has your father left yet?”
A non-exclamatory incentive sentence also has a period at the end: “Give up this dirty business.”
At the end of a narrative, motivating or interrogative sentence with exclamatory intonation, a corresponding (exclamation) mark is placed (in the latter case, after the question mark). If emotions are especially intense, then there may be three such signs. “And he went home!”, “Stupid, get away from the edge!”, “Will you let me go?!”, “Beware!!!”
If there is a hint of incompleteness, there can be an ellipsis at the end of any type of sentence. For example: “Sadness...”, “Well, you’re back, what next?..”, “Run, run quickly!..”.

According to the purpose of utterance, sentences are, as we found out, of three types. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This article provides information about what sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are found in the Russian language. It is a must for anyone who wants to speak and write correctly to study and master it.

An exclamatory sentence is a sentence characterized by emotional coloring and increased expressiveness. Exclamatory sentences are distinguished by a specific intonation and timbre coloring; compare: Fire! We're on fire! They often contain interjections, particles, exclamatory pronominal words; compare: Well done! Oh, these are my helpers! That's what he told you! What a rain! What a scientist he is! Who didn't he ask?

Exclamatory sentences can be built according to special syntactic models with lost or weakened grammatical and lexical meanings of the components; compare: This motorcycle was given to you! Found time to dream! Many exclamatory sentences are characterized by reverse (inverse) word order; compare: My little head is gone! He will understand you! How sweet the south wind! In writing, an exclamation point is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

Sentences of all communicative types can be used as exclamatory sentences: narrative, imperative and interrogative. In this case, the general content of the proposal is modified to one degree or another. In some cases, exclamation serves to express a high degree of attribute and enhance the degree of categoricalness of a statement or expression of will; compare: What a heavy rain! He will arrive tomorrow! Come back immediately! When did this happen! In other cases - with a different intonation - an exclamatory sentence can be understood in a meaning opposite to that conveyed by the literal meaning of the words.

Thus, affirmative narrative exclamatory sentences acquire a negative meaning or express the speaker’s negative attitude towards what is being communicated; compare: I'm going to get upset because of him!(=I won’t); She will go with you!(=won't go); You understand a lot!(=you don’t understand anything). A similar meaning of expressively colored negation can be expressed by interrogative non-negative sentences; compare: Why did he go there?(=there was no need to walk); What gardens these are!(= these are not gardens); Who needs it!(=no one needs); How do I know!(=I don’t know), while negative exclamatory sentences express an expressively colored statement; compare: Who doesn't know this!(=everyone knows); Where has he not been?(=been everywhere).

According to the degree of emotional coloring, sentences are classified into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory. The ability to correctly determine which one is suitable for a particular case will allow you to correctly understand the essence of the sentence, read it with the right intonation and put the required punctuation mark at the end.

Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. At the end of such sentences there is a period. For example: It has been raining all day today. According to the schedule, the train will arrive in two hours.

Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.

For example: We are very happy!

At the end of these sentences there is an exclamation mark, and their grammatical means are as follows:

Intonation expressing joy, delight, sadness, surprise, anger, excitement, fear and other pronounced feelings. The pronunciation of exclamatory sentences is carried out in a higher tone, with an emphasis on the word, which gives a greater emotional coloring.
Interjections.
Exclamatory particles of pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others.

Using three exclamation points Typically, by using three exclamation points at the end of a sentence, the author expresses a high degree of emotional arousal. This way you can express joy or delight, anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.

To enhance the expressiveness of the text, a variety of structural, semantic and intonation features of syntactic units of language (phrases and sentences), as well as features of the compositional structure of the text, its division into paragraphs, and punctuation design can be used.

The most significant expressive means of syntax are:

Syntactic sentence structure and punctuation marks;

Special syntactic means of expression (figures);

Special techniques of compositional and speech design of the text (question-answer form of presentation, improperly direct speech, quotation, etc.).

Syntactic sentence structure and punctuation marks

From the point of view of the syntactic structure of a sentence, the following are especially important for the expressiveness of the text:

grammatical features of the sentence: is it simple or complex, two-part or one-part, complete or incomplete, uncomplicated or complicated (i.e., containing series of homogeneous members, isolated members of a sentence, introductory words or addresses);

type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, motivating;

Characteristics of a sentence by emotional coloring: non-exclamatory - exclamatory.

Any of the listed grammatical features of a sentence can acquire special semantic significance in the text and be used to strengthen the author’s thoughts, express the author’s position, and create imagery.

For example, in the poem by A. A. Blok “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...” Five extremely short, one-part noun sentences create particular tension and expressiveness of the text, with sharp jolts indicating the development of the theme and emphasizing the idea of the transience of human life, which swirls in a meaningless round dance of the night, the street, the pharmacy and the dim light of the lantern.

Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,
Pointless and dim light.
Live for at least another quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no outcome.

If you die, you'll start over again
And everything will repeat itself as before:
Night, icy ripples of the channel,
Pharmacy, street, lamp.

In the poem by A. A. Blok “ I'm pinned to a tavern counter...." already in the first stanza:

I'm pinned to the bar counter.
I've been drunk for a long time. I don't care.
There's my happiness - at three
Carried away into the silver smoke... -

The transition from two-part sentences, where the lyrical “I” acts as the subject, to sentences where the subject of the action (doer) is eliminated, expresses the inability of the lyrical hero to resist the fatal movement of inevitability and the action of external forces beyond his control.

In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “ Prayer" in the last stanza:

Like a burden will roll off your soul,
Doubt is far away -
And I believe and cry,
And so easy, easy... -

The impersonal sentences in the last two lines convey the special state of the lyrical hero, who, not finding support in himself and turning to God, experienced “ grace-filled power” prayer and is in the power of this divine power, which brings hope for the salvation of the soul.

Interrogative, motivating and exclamatory sentences can also emphasize and strengthen certain aspects of the author’s thoughts, assessments and emotions.

For example, in a poem by A. A. Akhmatova:

Why are you pretending
Either by the wind, or by a stone, or by a bird?
Why are you smiling
To me a sudden lightning from the sky?
Don't torment me anymore, don't touch me!
Let me go to prophetic concerns... -

special expressiveness and emotional tension are created as a result of the use, already at the beginning of the text, of two interrogative and two incentive sentences at once, conveying the heroine’s mental pain and the request-plea addressed to her lover to let her go to “ prophetic concerns».

The role of punctuation marks as expressive means in the text is determined primarily by their ability to convey a variety of shades of thoughts and feelings of the author: surprise (question mark), doubt or special emotional tension (ellipses), joy, anger, admiration (exclamation mark).

A dot can emphasize the neutrality of the author’s position, a dash can add dynamism to a phrase, or, conversely, pause the narrative. For the semantic content of a text that includes a complex non-union sentence, the nature of the punctuation mark between parts of this sentence, etc., matters.

They have a special role in creating expressiveness of the text. copyright punctuation marks, which do not correspond to generally accepted punctuation rules, violate the automaticity of perception of the text and serve the purpose of enhancing the semantic or emotional significance of one or another fragment of it, focus the reader’s attention on the content of a concept, image, etc.

Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as author's signs, which emphasizes either the opposition: Born to crawl, cannot fly, or especially highlights the second part after the sign: Love is the most important thing of all. The author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing a joyful or sad feeling or mood.

For example:

Over the hills - round and dark,
Under the ray - strong and dusty,
Behind the cloak - red and torn.
On sands - greedy and rusty,
Under the ray - burning and drinking,
With a boot - timid and meek -
Behind the cloak - after and after.
Along the waves - fierce and swollen,
Under the ray - angry and ancient,
With a boot - timid and meek -
Behind the cloak - lying and lying. (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

Special expressive means of syntax (figures)

Figures (rhetorical figures, stylistic figures, figures of speech) are stylistic devices based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of ordinary practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text.

The main figures of speech include rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron, nominative themes.

A rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question.

A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon.

For example:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers,
Why did he believe false words and caresses,
He, who has comprehended people from a young age? . (M. Yu. Lermontov);

There is nothing more dangerous than half-knowledge. This applies equally to science, technology, and culture. How can one judge the work of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy by watching the film, but without reading “War and Peace”? (From newspapers)

A rhetorical question- This is a sentence, interrogative in structure, conveying, like a narrative sentence, a message about something.

Thus, in a rhetorical question there is a contradiction between form (interrogative structure) and content (meaning of the message). The message in a rhetorical question is always associated with the expression of various emotional and expressive meanings. Their basis is that a rhetorical question always arises in conditions of opposition as an emotional reaction of protest. (" Who are the judges?"A. Griboyedov).

The contradiction between form and content is expressed on the basis of affirmativeness - negativity. Thus, sentences that are negative in form convey an affirmative message, and sentences with an affirmative form have the meaning of negation.

Sentences of any interrogative structure can be used as a rhetorical question: with a pronominal question word, with an interrogative particle, without special question words. A rhetorical question does not require an answer and is synonymous with a declarative sentence. After a rhetorical question, a question mark is placed, sometimes an exclamation mark, and occasionally a combination of both is used.

For example: Where, when, which great one chose the path to be more trodden and easier? (V. Mayakovsky)

Who didn’t curse the stationmasters, who didn’t scold them! (A. Pushkin)

We repeat, these questions are posed not in order to get answers, but to draw attention to a particular object, phenomenon, to emotionally express a statement.

Rhetorical exclamations also enhance the tension and expressiveness of speech.

Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation.

Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by their special emotionality, but also by their solemnity and elation.

For example:
That was on the morning of our years -
Oh happiness! oh tears!
O forest! oh life! oh sunshine!
O fresh spirit of birch.(A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a stranger before the authorities
The proud country bowed down.(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Eh, three! Bird three! (N. Gogol) Lush! There is no equal river in the world! (N. Gogol)

Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

For example:

My friends! Our union is wonderful.
He, like the soul, is unstoppable and eternal(A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night!
Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

M.V. Lomonosov wrote about rhetorical appeal as follows: “With this figure one can advise, testify, promise, threaten, praise, mock, console, wish, say goodbye, regret, command, forbid, ask for forgiveness, mourn, complain, interpret, congratulate and other, to whom the word...is addressed.”

Appeal- a bright expressive means in artistic speech.

If in colloquial speech the main function of addresses is to name the addressee of the speech, then in poetic addresses they also perform stylistic functions: they are often carriers of expressive-evaluative meanings. Therefore they are often metaphorical; This also explains the peculiarities of their syntax.

Works of fiction - especially poetic ones - are characterized by common appeals.

For example: The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep inside yourself, what do you hide? Stars, concealing deep thoughts, with what power do you captivate the soul?(S. Yesenin)

In some cases, a lengthy appeal in poetic speech becomes the content of a sentence.

For example: The soldier's son who grew up without a father and matured noticeably before his time, you. in memory of the hero and father, he is not separated from earthly joys.(A. Tvardovsky)

In poetic speech, addresses can be arranged in a homogeneous row.

For example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas!(A. Surkov) Hear me, good one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love. (M. Isakovsky) O city! O wind! Oh snow storms! ABOUT an abyss of blue torn to shreds! I'm here! I'm innocent! I'm with you! I'm with you!(A. Blok)

Addressing other people creates ease, intimacy, and lyricism.

For example: Are you still alive, my old lady? I'm alive too. Hello, hello!(S. Yesenin)

Rhetorical appeals serve not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express an attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state.

Rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical appeals as means of linguistic expressiveness are widely used in journalistic and literary texts.

The mentioned figures are also possible in texts of scientific and colloquial styles, but are unacceptable in texts of official business style.

Exclamatory sentence

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, and exclamatory intonation. Any of the sentences according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative) can become exclamatory. Such a nice evening(Chekhov). Let me have a look!(Bitter). And what kind of miracles happen during the sowing season!(Kazakevich).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “exclamation sentence” is in other dictionaries:

exclamatory sentence- A sentence in which the expression of the main content of a thought is accompanied by the expression of the speaker’s feeling associated with this content and conveyed through special words (interjections, etc.) or exclamatory intonation: What baseness!; Where … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Exclamatory sentence- sentences characterized by emotion. coloration and increased expressiveness. They differ in specificity. intonation, timbre coloring, cf.: Fire! We're on fire! They often contain interjections, particles, and exclamations. pronominal words, cf.: Oh yes... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

A one-part sentence, the main member of which, denoting the presence, existence of an object or phenomenon in the present or outside of time, is expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantivized part of speech, having the form ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms- 1) the 1st person form of the verb is replaced by the 3rd person; 2) personal pronouns of the 1st, 2nd person, possessive my, your are replaced by pronouns of the 3rd person or a noun is used; 3) if someone else’s speech is an incentive... Syntax: Dictionary

Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are distinguished: narrative, interrogative and incentive. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. In terms of intonation, the first sentence is non-exclamatory, and the second is exclamatory, expressing joy. 2. Based on the presence or absence of the main and minor members of the sentence in the sentence, common and non-common sentences are distinguished.

Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational. Actually, interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will? Interrogative sentences can contain a negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences: What might you like here?

Using three exclamation marks

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative ones, since they have a transitional nature - from a question to a message. Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation.

L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions? Essentially, interrogative-rhetorical questions also include counter questions (answer in the form of a question): - Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha. - What kind of love do we have in our village? A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How, did you stop loving her?

P.); And how could she let Kuragin do this? The predicate in an incentive sentence can be an infinitive, for example: Call Bertrand (Bl.); Don't you dare annoy me! In colloquial speech, incentive sentences are often used without verbal expression of the predicate - a verb in the form of an imperative mood, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of sentences in living speech with a leading word - a noun, adverb or infinitive.

Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Uncommon is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate, for example: Several years have passed (P.); It was noon (Shol.); It began to get light (Prishv.); Silence.

Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions of secondary members are called common, for example: Meanwhile, the sun rose quite high. Distributors of a proposal are generally called determinants. Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.

Exclamatory particles of pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others. Typically, by using 3 exclamation marks at the end of a sentence, the author expresses a high degree of emotional excitement. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.

This video tutorial can only be viewed by registered users

Interrogative sentences contain a question. The purpose of an interrogative sentence is to communicate that the speaker wants to find out something from the listener, to find out something. By asking a question, the speaker hopes to receive an answer, which is why interrogative sentences are often found in dialogues. Interrogative sentences are divided into general interrogative and private interrogative.

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences can be pronounced with different intonation

Incentive sentences contain an incentive, command, request, call, advice to do something addressed to the listener. The purpose of an incentive sentence is to influence the interlocutor, to force him to do something.

The role of the predicate in an incentive sentence is often played by a verb in the form of the imperative mood: Let me die in peace in my beloved homeland, loving everything! S.A. Yesenin). However, in the Russian language there are many other ways of formally expressing will: particles, subjunctive mood of the verb, modal verbs, intonation, etc.

Sentences of all communicative types can be used as exclamatory sentences: narrative, imperative and interrogative.

Sentences in which we want to tell something, narrate about something - these are narrative sentences. Let's find a sentence in which the son asks his mother, encourages him to do something. This is an incentive offer. Wake up - help to wake up (hence the word alarm clock), and therefore begin to act; Inducement is a push to action, which is why they called the proposals incentive.

Sentences vary not only in why and for what purpose we speak, but also in how we do it: calmly or with a special feeling. Sentences in which feelings are noticeably expressed (joy, delight, fear, surprise, grief, annoyance) are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker. Make up declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences from the words.