The Earth's apple is Martin Behaim's globe. Globes still unknown to science Which image of the globe shows all of Asia

As for reading some borders in reversed color, they already convey the details of the manufacturer: again the words are read MAKAZHI-YAR'S WORKSHOP, MAKEUP WORKSHOP. And only the leftmost and lower border, which runs almost vertically on the map in the middle of the western tip of Africa, has the reading (MA) SAY THE EDGE OF THE WORLD. Thus, there is no doubt: MACHONY is WORLD OF MAKAZHI.

Returning to Fig. 17, we see that there is an image of the southern tip of South America, where there are inscriptions both above and below YARA, And RUS YARA. In other words, not only the northern part of the American continent, but also its southern part at the end of the Neolithic was considered Russia; it is clear that South America was to be considered Southern Russia, that is, the Russia of Yar. Thus, Rus' extended much further than I previously thought.

Fig. 19. Oceanic part of the globe from Slatino

Now let's look at the oceanic part of the globe from Slatino, shown in Fig. 19. On fragment 1 we read the inscription YARA RUKA. It is clear that the word YARA means SOUTH, but what does the word HAND mean? I believe this is a synonym for the Greek word ARCHIPELAGO. Namely, these are the southern islands near Antarctica, for example, the South Shetland, South Orkney and South Sandwich Islands. Some islands, such as those listed, are located south of South America, others are located south of Africa, for example, the islands of Bouvah, Prince Edward and Kerguelen.

In fragments 2 and 3 you can read: MAKOZHNI LOWER HAND AS A SPRING BEACON OF PEACE. I understand this phrase like this: THE LOWER ARCHIPELAGO OF AFRICA AS A SOUTHERN LIGHTHOUSE OF THE (INHABITABLE) WORLD . Fragment 4, turned in color, repeats the same inscription: SPRING HAND - MAKOZHNI HAND, that is, SOUTHERN ARCHIPELAGO - AFRICAN ARCHIPELAGO . Fragment 5 reflects the more northern part of the ocean, where you can read the words: Rus' OF THE WORLD SPRING. I think that the phrase Rus' OF THE WORLD means INHABITED LANDS OUTSIDE EURASIA . And in fragment 6 already familiar words are read MAKAZHNYA YARA RUKA RUKA, that is, AFRICAN SOUTHERN ARCHIPELAGO LAND . Fragments 7-8 say the same thing - YAROV'S HAND, that is, SOUTHERN ARCHIPELAGO .

Fragments 9-10 refer to a large triangular area in which Australia can be suspected. Their reading is almost the same: YAROVA RUS And Rus' OF THE WORLD SPRING what do they mean SOUTH LAND And LAND OUTSIDE EURASIA SOUTH . You may remember that the word AUSTRALIA just means SOUTH LAND .

Fragment 11 gives the name Rus' OF THE WORLD that part of the ocean that is located between America and Africa. These are the EXTRA-EURASIAN LANDS of the Atlantic Ocean.

Due to the fact that South America, Africa and even Australia exist on this globe, the question arises - what about Antarctica? Does it exist? Returning to Figure 5, fragment 7, I can say that, apparently, this is Antarctica - YAROV EDGE OF THE WORLD, that is, SOUTHERN TIP OF THE INHABITED EARTH . Thus, Antarctica should also be included among the lands known in the Neolithic.

On the other hand, it should be noted that none of the oceans on the globe have any name. This is the south side of the globe.

Rice. 20. Northern hemisphere of the globe from Slatino

Northern hemisphere of the globe. The northern hemisphere is shown in Fig. 20. If you don’t look too closely, you won’t see any continents here. However, for a better look, it still makes sense to divide the entire image into fragments, although not as small as when considering the southern hemisphere. The central fragment of this image is shown in Fig. 21. On the left it is given in normal color, on the right - in reverse.

First I read the signs around the North Pole hole. The words are read at the top MAKOZHI HAND, below - almost the same: Rus', MAKOZHI HAND. It means: Rus', POLAR ARCHIPELAGO OF ISLANDS . I believe that in the Neolithic the Arctic Ocean contained many more islands than today, because due to the slow descent of the continental plate in this place, many islands are now under water.

Rice. 21. My reading of the inscriptions of Europe

Discovery of Europa. Then, peering at the light triangle on the right, I realized that this was depicting... Europe! Its left edge is nothing more than the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Just in case, I projected an image of this particular fragment with a rotation of 90° to the right, and placed it in Figure 10 on the left. I signed the details of this map, so that all the words, starting from the word EUROPE, and ending with the words Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Scandinavia, Italy, were written by me simply according to the identified outlines. In my opinion, the quality of the image of the continent is quite acceptable, especially if you remember the completely ugly degree of reproduction of Europe on ancient Greek maps.

On the opposite fragment, on the other side of the pole where the North American continent should be located, in reversed color I read the words MAKOZHI Rus', that is, CIRPTOLAR Rus' . It follows from this that the existence of America in the Middle Ages was remembered, just as they remembered that Russians lived there. After that, I decided to take a better look at Europe.

The assumption that this is indeed Europe before us should be confirmed. To the north of the Ural Mountains in the image there is a certain knotted ligature, which, when decomposed, forms the word MAKOZHI. But what exactly refers to Mokosh there is unclear. Therefore, I read the continuation in the form of a curved line, where you can already understand: MAKAZHI KRUCI. In other words, we are talking about a certain mountain range, which, continuing the Ural Mountains, stretches to the south and passes south of the Mediterranean Sea, therefore, already across the territory of Africa.

As for the inscriptions on the territory of Europe, they can only be identified in reversed color. Up here, with great difficulty, you can identify the letters that form the phrase MAKAZHI Rus', and a little lower - MAKAZHI WORLD. I believe these are two different names. The first phrase is NORTH LAND, the inhabited world of Europe. The second is the NORTHERN CONTINENT, that is, in fact, the entire EUROPEAN CONTINENT.

Returning to the main fragment at the top left, you can notice the island on the left not far from Europa. I believe this is Greenland. Therefore, I am moving this small fragment down. In reversed color you can read the word YARA, and at the limit of possibilities and without particularly vouching for the accuracy of reproduction, the word SEA. Thus the Atlantic Ocean is named SEA OF YAR, which, generally speaking, correlates with the name of the Baltic Sea as the Yara Sea. However, even in direct color, right above the signature SEA, you can see the inscription YARA SEA. This inscription is already much more reliable than the previous one. It follows from it that the entire Atlantic Ocean constituted the totality of the YAR SEAS up to the South Pole. Then this name becomes clear: once upon a time this was the name given to the sea near the south pole - the South Sea, or the Yar Sea. But it gradually became clear that more and more northern seas were a continuation of this Yar Sea, and so they gradually reached the Baltic Sea.

Thus, from this consideration, the name of Europe and the Atlantic Ocean in Russian at the end of the Middle Ages emerged - MAKAZHI WORLD and YARA SEA. Now it remains to consider the Asian and North American continents on this globe.

Rice. 22. My reading of inscriptions on images of Asia and North America

North America has its name reversed YARA WORLD(fragment 7), that is, the beginning we read in fragment 5 has its continuation. The name WORLD indicates that North America is understood as a continent. Once again the inscription YARA WORLD occurs in direct color on fragments 8 and 9, confirming the first reading.

Understanding the continents on a globe from Slatino. It turns out that already in the Middle Ages there was an idea of ​​the continent, which was called the term WORLD. Judging by the names, Eurasia was considered a continent, it was called the WORLD OF MAKAZHI, or NORTHERN CONTINENT. It was opposed to a united America, which was called the WORLD OF YAR, or SOUTHERN CONTINENT, both Northern and Southern. Note that according to modern understanding, Eurasia is a single continent, although two parts of the World, and both American continents are called America. Thus, the basic approach to understanding the division of the Earth has been preserved to this day. The third continent was represented by MACHONY, that is, AFRICA. As the name suggests, this was the original continent; its outlines correspond as closely as possible to the current ones and, in addition, it is on its western coast in the Angola region that the GATES OF THE WORLD are located, the entrance to this continent and, perhaps, to the Earth in general. Finally, the WORLD OF MARA seemed to be a separate continent, little understood, that is, SOUTH ASIA.

These two continents, Northern and Southern, are elongated in different directions: Northern in longitudinal, Southern in latitudinal. Probably, at first, according to the ideas of the Eneolithic, People lived in MAKOSHNA, then in the WORLD OF MAKOSH, and only then in the WORLD OF YAR. They could only get into the WORLD of MARA by accident or after death. Probably, the WORLD OF YAR was discovered first in its southern tip, which is why it received such a name (SOUTH), but then more and more northern lands were discovered up to the north of North America. But they did not change the name. Therefore, next to the land of Mokosh (NORTH) at the same latitude was the land of Yara (SOUTH). The ocean between America and Europe in the area of ​​Greenland (Atlantic) is also named after America, the YAR SEAS. As for the Pacific Ocean, it apparently was not known.

The next division is the mainland, which was called Rus'. Here I see confirmation of my assumptions that the word Rus' had one of the meanings - part of the world or continent. The world of MAKAZHI (Eurasia) has Rus' MAKAZHI - Europe. THE WORLD OF YARA has Rus' YARA - South America, as well as Australia.

The circumpolar countries had their own term - THE EDGE OF THE WORLD, that is, CIRPTOLAR CONTINENT. There were also two of them, MAKAZHIN EDGE OF THE WORLD (Arctica) and YAROV EDGE OF THE WORLD (Antarctica). They were surrounded ARCHIPELAGOES OF ISLANDS, or HANDS. This was the structure of the Earth.

I ended the article with these words: “ We became acquainted with the extremely curious idea of ​​our distant ancestors about the structure of the surface of the Earth. The Chalcolithic in Europe dates back to around the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. We see that, unlike the primitive ancient Greek maps, which depicted the Earth as flat and depicted it extremely schematically, here we have a real globe. Moreover, the rather large holes indicate that it actually fit on an axle and could turn on it. In other words, in front of us is a rotating globe.

The place where the globe was found is present-day Bulgaria. It was also, apparently, the place of production, for in the language of sacred geography, ZHIVINA RUSS had present-day Serbia and the Balkans in general as its center, and YAROVA Rus' in Europe meant the Mediterranean. The mention of both meant the area of ​​their intersection, that is, just the country south of Serbia. This is today's Bulgaria.

The geographical knowledge of the Chalcolithic, contained in this model of the world, extended to all continents. In other words, in the Chalcolithic they knew Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the now disappeared Arctic. These continents are not only marked on the surface of the globe, but also labeled. The presence of signatures allows us to speak about the existence of not only practical geography in the Eneolithic (that is, in the true sense of the word DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH), but also theoretical geography (that is, the relationship between continents and parts of the world). Each of these aspects of geography is worthy of separate study. What is particularly surprising is that each of the continents not only has its own name, but this name is included in a certain system of geographical concepts.

In terms of drawing up a geographical map, Africa is best represented on the globe, which had the name MAKAZHNA. Judging both by its name and by the location of the GATE OF THE WORLD here, as well as by the excellent knowledge of its geography, this continent was not only superbly known in those days, but was also considered the ancestral home of mankind. This can be seen as consonant with modern archaeological theories, which believe that the Paleolithic came from Africa, and that it was there that the anthropological remains of ancient man should be looked for.

Europe, called RUSI MAKAZHI, is represented very well on the map of the Earth's surface. Asia, which had the name MAKAZHI TEMPLE, was to be considered more important in importance. However, its image is not larger, but smaller than Europe, both in longitudinal and latitudinal terms, which suggests that this more respected part of Eurasia has been very poorly explored. Moreover, the South of Asia is conveyed as the WORLD OF MARA, that is, as the CONTINENT OF THAT LIGHT. From this we can conclude that the south of Asia was least known in those days. This again correlates with the fact that India and China have appeared on world maps since the Renaissance, while Central Asia remained a blank spot until the 19th century.

The outlines of both Americas are also conveyed very well, and the accurate rendering of the southern tip of South America is especially impressive. However, Australia is shown as a very sketchy triangle, while Antarctica and Arctida are not shown at all, but are only named. Of the oceans, only the Atlantic is known, which again is confirmed in the history of the Great Geographical Discoveries, when the Pacific Ocean was named as such by Renaissance sailors.

Hundreds of Western European maps and atlases of the 16th-17th centuries by different authors and publishers, which can easily be found on the Internet, showed that Great Tartaria occupied most of Asia - from the Urals to Kamchatka, Central Asia and the northern part of modern China to the Chinese Wall. Around the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, different Tartaries appeared on maps - Great, Moscow (up to the Urals), Chinese (which at one time included the island of Hokkaido), Independent (Central Asia) and Lesser (Zaporozhye Sich). Tartary was also displayed on globes of that time, in particular, there are some in Moscow in the State Historical Museum (GIM). There are several medieval globes there. These are, first of all, a giant copper globe made in 1672 by the heirs of the Amsterdam cartographer Willem Blaeu for the Swedish king Charles XI, and N. Hill's globe of the earthly and celestial spheres of 1754 made of papier-mâché. Tartaria is also depicted on a globe from 1765, which is in the collection of the Historical Society in Minnesota.

1. Copper globe in the Armory Chamber, Moscow

2. Globe of the earthly and celestial spheres by N. Hill, 1754, made of papier-mâché

3. Globe 1765. Collection of the Historical Society in Minnesota (The de l "Isle globe, 1765. Еhe Minnesota Historical Society Collection)

4. Blau copper globe, 1672

5. Map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov “Image of the Earth’s Globe”

Around the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartary was defeated in the World War, known to us from the school history course as the “Pugachev’s Rebellion” of 1773-1775, this name on maps began to gradually be replaced by the Russian Empire, however, the Independent and Chinese Tartary was still displayed until the beginning of the 19th century. After this time, the word Tartaria disappears from maps altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartaria began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In Russian, only a tiny amount of maps with Tartary have been preserved, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov “Image of the Earth’s Globe” and a map of Asia of 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about the Great Rus Empire was carefully destroyed.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.

Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and the map of 1626 John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (Chinese Tartary).

Let's look at a few more foreign oneskart. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mogul Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederica de Vita (Frederik de Wit) , Dutch map Peter Schenk (Pieter Schenk) .

Quiet, cozy rooms of the National Museum. On the wall is a portrait of Behaim in knightly garb.

Martin is rightfully considered the first outstanding German traveler of world significance.

He was born in Nuremberg, probably on October 6, 1459, and died in Lisbon in 1507. Not much is known about his early years.

Obviously, Beheim received a good education, since, having arrived in Portugal in 1484, he was accepted into the highest naval department - the “Council of Mathematicians” ...

Appointed cartographer, he accompanied Diego Cahn on the Portuguese's second voyage along the west coast of Africa.

Boeheim's globe has long remained not only the most venerable in the world, but also the most meaningful. However, it does not stand up to modern criticism.

Behaim's original was an outdated map of the world, based largely on data from the ancient scientist Ptolemy.

The Portuguese discoveries of the 15th century were not taken into account on the globe, although Martin himself participated in them! However, it was not Beheim who drew the continents and islands on the “apple of the earth”, but the master Georg Glochendorf...

At one time, not knowing exactly which of the ancient globes belonged to Behaim, many scientists made curious mistakes.

Thus, Schöner’s globes, also made in Nuremberg, but later, in 1515 and 1520, were mistaken for “Beheim’s.” They indicate South America. Thanks to this, some believed that Martin sailed to the New World before Columbus!..

Having created his own globe, famous for centuries, in his hometown, Beheim again went to Portugal. It is known that he continued to serve on the “council of mathematicians” and was in charge of preparing maps for future expeditions.

But still, why is the “earthly apple” so imperfect even for those times? German historians of geographical discoveries O. Peschel and T. Ruge pointed out that on the globe errors in determining latitudes reach 16°, while on other maps of the same time these errors rarely exceed 1°.

Consequently, "Behaim was a mediocre scientist and a poor cosmographer." Peschel and Ruge ironically remarked: “The Portuguese could derive little benefit from the learning of our fellow countryman”...

But Beheim, with his education, probably had access to all the then sources of geographical knowledge, both European and Arab! So the reasons for the “old-fashioned” nature of the Nuremberg “ball” remain mysterious...

Finally, I enter the room where the globe itself is kept. It is unexpectedly small, with a diameter of only 51 cm, and is covered by three metal arches, the lower parts of which turn into supports. The height of the entire structure is 133 cm.

The wooden base of the sphere is covered with parchment, on which Europe, Asia and Africa are depicted. Distortions are immediately visible, especially in the outlines of Africa. There are no both Americas, which is why the “earthly apple” seems one-sided; no Australia and Antarctica...

Half a millennium separates us from the time of the creation of Behaim's globe. All continents are open, “white spots” are marked on the map; hundreds of artificial satellites constantly monitor everything that happens on Earth, and the invisible Internet network connects people on different continents.

But, knowing all this, you still look at the small ball with a reverent feeling. Here it is, the one-sided Earth, as the Nuremberger Martin Beheim saw it... and all humanity of that time!

It's interesting to look at the world through the eyes of distant ancestors...

According to the stories of astronauts, there is no more beautiful and bewitching picture than the view of the Earth from space. When you look at a small ball consisting of white clouds, brown earth and blue water, it is impossible to take your eyes off...

Today we will look at several cool online 3D Earth globes, which you can use directly from this page. They are all interactive and you can interact with them. There is no need to download and install additional programs like Google Earth, etc. - just open this page in your browser and enjoy.

Photorealistic 3D Earth globe

This is a three-dimensional model of the world, on which photo textures obtained by NASSA satellites are stretched.

You can spin the ball in different directions by holding down the left mouse button. Rotating the mouse wheel up increases the viewing scale, downwards - on the contrary, decreases it.

At maximum zoom, the textures become blurry, so I recommend that you do not get too carried away with scaling.

The blur is due to the fact that the model uses low-resolution photographs. Otherwise, loading them in the browser would take too long.

This 3D globe allows you to see our planet almost the way astronauts see it. Well, or close to it :)

Virtual globe of the Earth

This 3D model of the world does not have raster textures, like the previous one, but vector ones, so here scaling can be done down to individual buildings. At maximum magnification there are even house numbers and street names.

Historical globe

It demonstrates how our ancestors saw our Earth at the end of the 18th century. Its authorship belongs to the famous geographer and cartographer Giovanni Maria Cassini, and it was published in Rome in 1790.

It is also fully interactive, you can twist, rotate, zoom in or out of the map. Looking at it, you understand how much the world has changed in just 200 years, and how many events were behind it all...

And here is the actual globe itself (1790), from which this online 3d model was made:

Finally, a stunningly beautiful video about what the Earth really looks like from space:

Friends, share your impressions, opinions and ask questions in the comments!