Natural factors of nature. Natural forces of nature and hygiene factors

Games (game exercises)

Games in exercise therapy are divided into 4 groups of increasing load: 1) games on the spot; 2) sedentary; 3) mobile; 4) sports. Οʜᴎ allow the use of selective influence, a fairly accurate dosage of the intensity of exercises, versatile in their influence on the volitional qualities of patients. Games are used to normalize functions or consolidate various compensations.

Natural factors of nature are used in the following forms: a) solar irradiation in the process of exercise therapy and sunbathing as a hardening method; b) aeration during exercise therapy and air baths as a hardening method; c) partial and general douches, rubdowns and hygienic showers, bathing in fresh water and in the sea.

The most favorable environmental conditions and wider opportunities for the use of exercise therapy are available in resorts and sanatoriums, where movement, sun, air and water are powerful factors in the patient’s health.

Hardening- a set of methods for purposefully increasing the functional reserves of the body and its resistance to the adverse effects of physical environmental factors (low or high air temperature, water, low atmospheric pressure, etc.) through systematic training dosed exposure to these factors.

Hardening is one of the most important areas of prevention, an integral part of health promotion measures in sanatoriums, rest homes, and boarding houses. Hardening can be considered as an adaptation that is achieved through systematic repeated exposure to one or another physical factor on the body, which causes a restructuring of metabolism and some physiological functions aimed at ensuring homeostasis; at the same time, neurohumoral and metabolic processes in various organs and systems are improved.

Hardening is specific, ᴛ.ᴇ. is determined by a gradual decrease in the body’s sensitivity only to the action of a certain physical factor.

The human body, despite the diverse influence of external factors, has a high ability to maintain

the constancy of its internal environment (blood composition, body temperature, etc.), at which only its life activity is possible. The slightest violation of this constancy already indicates a disease.

A seasoned person has high vitality, is not susceptible to disease, and is able to remain calm, cheerful, and optimistic in any conditions.

The most effective are systematic hardening training using the influence of various natural and climatic factors.

When starting hardening with air, water and sun, it is extremely important to consider the following.

It is extremely important to start hardening with the simplest forms (air baths, rubbing, dousing with cool water, etc.) and only then gradually increase the hardening dosage and move on to more complex forms. You can start swimming in cold and icy water only after appropriate preparation and consultation with a doctor.

It is useful to be in the fresh air more often and longer. In this case, you need to dress so as not to experience either cold or excessive heat for a long time (excessive wrapping creates hothouse conditions for the skin and blood vessels, which contributes to overheating, and a decrease in temperature leads to rapid hypothermia and

cold).

Hardening should not be abused. Thus, when exposed to cold, one should not allow chills and blue skin to appear, and when exposed to sunlight, redness of the skin and overheating of the body should not be allowed.

Sun hardening. The sun's rays are a strong irritant. Under their influence, certain changes occur in almost all physiological functions: body temperature rises, breathing becomes faster and deeper, blood vessels dilate, sweating increases, and metabolism is activated.

With proper dosage, regular solar irradiation has a positive effect on the functional state of the nervous system, increases the body's resistance to solar radiation, and improves metabolic processes. All this

improves the functioning of internal organs, increases muscle performance, and strengthens the body's resistance to diseases.

Abuse of sunbathing can cause serious complications, including such as anemia, metabolic disorders, and with increased radiation activity of the sun - the development of leukemia. For this reason, when starting solar hardening procedures, it is extremely important to strictly observe gradualism and consistency in increasing irradiation dosages, taking into account the state of health, age, physical development, climatic and radiation conditions of the solstice and other factors.

It is better to start sunbathing in the summer - in the morning (from 8 to 11 o'clock), in spring and autumn - in the afternoon (from 11 to 14 o'clock) in places protected from the wind.

Healthy people should begin sun hardening by staying in direct sunlight for 10-20 minutes, gradually increasing the duration of the procedure by 5-10 minutes, bringing it to 2-3 hours (no more). After every hour of hardening, it is extremely important to rest for at least 15 minutes in the shade.

Air hardening is the simplest, most accessible and easily perceived form of hardening. It increases the body's resistance to hypothermia, protects against colds, improves respiratory function, metabolism, and the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Such hardening can be carried out regardless of the time of year and weather conditions (during physical exercise, while on a hiking trip, while walking, etc.).

An important form of hardening is air baths(Table 2.2). It is best to start taking them on warm days in places protected from the wind, you can move (for example, while doing physical exercises), while the duration of the procedure is dosed individually (depending on the health status and degree of hardening of those involved, as well as according to air temperature and humidity).

Table 22 Duration of the hardening procedure (min)

Hardening with water. Systematic dousing and bathing, especially in cold water, combined with physical exercise and massage, are a powerful stimulant of vigor and a source of health.

The influence of cold water reflexively causes a constriction of blood vessels in the skin (and it contains "/3 volumes of blood). Due to this, part of the peripheral blood moves to the internal organs and the brain and carries with it additional nutrients and oxygen to the body cells. Following the initial short-term constriction of the skin vessels begins the second reflex phase of the reaction - their expansion, with redness and warming of the skin occurring, which is accompanied by a pleasant feeling of warmth, vigor and muscle activity. The narrowing and then expansion of blood vessels are like gymnastics of the cardiovascular system, promoting intense blood circulation It causes the mobilization and entry into the general bloodstream of the reserve mass of blood, especially that found in the liver and spleen.

Under the influence of cold water, the diaphragm is activated, ventilation of the lungs increases, breathing becomes deeper and freer, and the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells and white blood cells in the blood increases. All this has a beneficial effect on increasing oxidative processes and metabolism in general. At the same time, the main point in water hardening is the improvement of the thermoregulation apparatus, as a result of which the body temperature remains within optimal limits in the most unfavorable environmental conditions, and the body’s defenses are always in “combat mode.”

readiness."

At the same time, it should be remembered that when the body is cooled for an excessively long time, a persistent narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin occurs, heat loss increases excessively, and heat production is insufficient to compensate for such losses. This can cause serious deviations in the body's functioning and lead to undesirable consequences. For this reason, when hardening the body with cold water, great importance should be attached to the dosage of cold loads and gradual increase in their build-up.

Particularly beneficial is a comprehensive system of hardening training, combining various forms of hardening with physical activity.

Body rubdown- the softest means of hardening. In this case, you should first use water at room temperature, reducing the latter gradually over 2-3 weeks.

up to 10-12 °C. After adapting to wiping, you can start dousing or showering.

An effective means of hardening, which intensively trains the thermoregulation mechanism and significantly increases the tone of the nervous system, is a contrast shower (alternately warm and cold). Taking into account the dependence of the water temperature difference, a distinction is made between a high-contrast shower (temperature difference of more than 15 °C), medium-contrast (water temperature difference of 10-15 °C) and low-contrast (water temperature difference of less than 10 °C).

Practically healthy people can start hardening with a medium-contrast shower and, as they adapt to it, move on to a high-contrast shower.

Swimming in open water- the most effective means of hardening with water. It is better to start it in the summer and continue systematically, taking at least 2-3 baths a week. When swimming, the aquatic environment has a slight massaging effect on the body - muscles, subcutaneous vessels (capillaries) and nerve endings; at the same time, an increased consumption of thermal energy occurs, at the same time, heat production in the body itself increases, which ensures the maintenance of normal body temperature with proper dosage for the entire period of bathing.

The duration of stay in water should be regulated depending on its temperature and weather conditions, as well as the degree of training and health status of those involved in hardening.

Systematic hardening water a must for everyone who wants to achieve the highest form of cold hardening - “winter swimming”. Winter swimming gives the greatest hardening effect.

2.5. Forms and methods of therapeutic physical culture

The main forms of exercise therapy include: a) morning hygienic exercises (UGT); 6) LH procedure (session); c) dosed ascents (jurrenkur); d) walks, excursions and short-range tourism.

2.5.1. Morning hygienic exercises

Hygienic Gymnastics at home is carried out in the morning and is a good means of transition from sleep to wakefulness, to the active work of the body.

The physical exercises used in hygienic gymnastics should be easy. Static exercises that cause strong tension and holding your breath are unacceptable here. Exercises are selected that affect various muscle groups and internal organs. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the state of health, physical development and the degree of workload.

The duration of gymnastic exercises should be no more than 10-30 minutes; the complex includes 9-16 exercises. These include general developmental exercises for individual muscle groups, breathing exercises, exercises for the torso, relaxation, and abdominal muscles.

All gymnastic exercises should be performed freely, at a calm pace, with gradually increasing amplitude, involving first small muscles and then larger muscle groups.

You should start with simple exercises (warm-up) and then move on to more complex ones.

Each exercise carries a certain functional load.

1. Walk slowly. Causes a uniform increase in breathing and blood circulation, “tunes” for the upcoming activity.

2. Stretching type exercise. Deepens breathing, increases the mobility of the chest, flexibility of the spine, strengthens the muscles of the shoulder girdle, and corrects posture.

3. Raising the arms with abduction to the sides and back, slow rotation of the shoulder joints, flexion and extension of the arms. These and similar movements increase joint mobility and strengthen arm muscles.

4. Exercises for the feet. Helps increase joint mobility, strengthen muscles and ligaments.

5. Squats. Strengthens the muscles of the legs and abdominals, and has a general training effect.

6. Walk with slow deep breathing. Promotes relaxation and restoration of body functions.

7. Jerking and swinging movements of the arms. They develop the muscles of the shoulder girdle, strengthen ligaments, and help increase the range of movements.

8. Bend the body forward. Strengthens the back muscles, increases the flexibility of the spine (combines well with deep, energetic breathing).

9. Bending and other exercises for the muscles of the back and spine. Helps increase its flexibility.

10. Lunges with movement of the arms and torso. They develop and train the butt muscles well.

11. Strength exercises for arms. Increase muscle strength.

12. Turns, bends, rotation of the body. Increases mobility

strength of the spine and strengthen the muscles of the torso.

13. Raising outstretched legs in a lying position. Strengthens the abdominal muscles.

14. Running, jumping. Train and strengthen the cardiovascular system, increase endurance.

15. Walking at the end of the lesson. Promotes uniform reduction

physical activity, breathing restoration.

Hardening the body is an integral part of physical education and is one of the tasks of physical training. Hardening is carried out in order to increase the body's stability and develop its ability to quickly and painlessly adapt to changing environmental conditions (cold, heat, humidity).

The sun, air, and water have a beneficial effect on the human body. Proper use of them leads to improved health and increased body resistance to many diseases, helps train skin blood vessels, increases the body's metabolism and improves all life processes.

Hardening with water, sun and air is also widely used in the treatment of various diseases and wounds.

The means of hardening are various water procedures - rubbing, baths, showers, swimming, as well as air and sun baths.

One of the most important rules for using means of hardening the body is a gradual increase in their intensity, duration and continuity of their effects. Depending on the time of year, the means of hardening may vary. Instead of swimming, in winter, washing with cold water up to the waist and drying should be carried out, instead of air baths - walking, exercise in the open air without overcoats.

Sun hardening is best started in the spring. In the first days, 10-15 minutes of sunbathing is enough. Then this time needs to be gradually increased, by 5-10 minutes daily, in order to bring it up to 1.5-2 hours. Prolonged exposure to the sun in one area of the body can cause burns. Therefore, when sunbathing, you need to change your body position more often. To avoid sunstroke, cover your head with a towel. You should not take sunbathing on an empty stomach or immediately after eating. After finishing sunbathing, water procedures are very useful - a shower or a short swim. Individuals under the influence of the sun may experience headaches, weakness, and loss of appetite. In such cases, you should stop sunbathing and consult a doctor. Their resumption is permissible only with the permission of a doctor. Sunbathing, causing the deposition of a special substance (pigment) in the skin, causes it to darken, or tan. This not only leads to an increase in the protective properties of the skin in relation to its resistance to various skin diseases, but also improves the adaptability of the body as a whole to changes in external temperature.

One of the best means of hardening is water procedures. Their use requires compliance with certain rules. Some types of water treatments can be used throughout the whole year. So, for example, washing up to the waist and wiping should be done without interruption.

Swimming is allowed at a temperature not lower than 15-16 ° C, and the time spent in water is initially limited to 5-6 minutes. At higher water temperatures (20°C and above), the duration of swimming can be increased to 20-30 minutes. It is recommended to swim no more than three to four times during the day. Prolonged bathing should not be allowed immediately after heavy physical work. After eating, bathing should be done no earlier than 1.5-2 hours. After bathing, you need to rub your body dry with a towel. You should not swim until you feel chills or goosebumps. Bathing should be combined with vigorous movements, swimming, diving.

Shower use should also begin gradually. At first, it is enough to be in the shower for a few seconds in order to wash the body; subsequently, you can increase your stay in the shower to 2-3 minutes. After a shower, you need to vigorously rub your body dry. Otherwise, the same rules are followed as when swimming.

For hardening purposes, it is possible to use warm and cold air. In the spring-summer period, air procedures (baths) should be started at a temperature not lower than 15-16 ° C, starting from 5-10 minutes, with a gradual increase in time to 1.5-2 hours. To take air baths, choose a dry place, protected from direct sunlight. In the first two to three days, when taking air baths, the upper half of the body is exposed, then the whole body. You cannot lie on the ground; You need to have some kind of soft bedding, sand or wooden flooring for this. After air baths, you should wash your body in the shower or take a bath.

The use of cold air for hardening is one of the most effective means of increasing the body's resistance to the harmful effects of cooling. When the skin comes into contact with colder air, as with the action of water, there is first a narrowing (hence the chills), and then an expansion of the skin blood vessels. At the same time, the work of the heart increases due to the dilation of blood vessels, the skin turns red, the initial feeling of chills is replaced by a pleasant feeling of warmth and vigor. The action of air is much softer than the action of water. It is much easier to tolerate low air temperatures while driving. Morning exercises outside without an overcoat, skiing in lightweight clothing, and walks in winter play an important role in the overall strengthening of the body, its hardening, and the development of its ability to withstand the effects of low temperatures without harm.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

federal state budgetary educational institution

higher education

"St. Petersburg State Technological Institute

(Technical University)"

UGS (code, name) 38.00.00 Economics and management

Direction of training (code, name) 03/38/02 Management

Profile (name) Financial management

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Management and Marketing

Topic: Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the state of the environment

Academic discipline Life safety

Course 1Group 669зSF-1

Head, Erygina A.V.

Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

1. Anthropogenic factors influencing environmental pollution and their consequences

2. Typology of anthropogenic pollution

3. Natural factors influencing environmental pollution and their consequences

4. Prevention and methods of eliminating environmental pollution

Bibliography

Introduction

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the problem of environmental pollution, movements have been organized to protect and protect resources, and relevant departments and laws have been formed. Not so long ago, humanity began to understand how its life activity is inextricably linked with solving environmental problems, and began to take action to save its only home, planet Earth.

In our age of advanced technology, when almost all the necessary resources can be obtained by turning to science, it is a shame to continue to treat the environment in a barbaric manner. Naturally, the development and use of more environmentally friendly mining methods, timely and proper disposal of waste is costly, but what will we do with the money that we were able to save, for example, after cutting down a forest and, without replenishing it, when there is no clean water and air left? What kind of planet will we leave, and will it be suitable for life for our children, what seeds of difficulties have already been planted, and most importantly, how will the next generations cope with these sprouts?

Not having the required level of development, man destroyed the territory when he mastered it; a good example for this can be used the data obtained by the famous Dutch navigator and explorer A. Ya. Tasman. When the navigator and his crew approached the shores of what is now Tasmania, they did not notice the aborigines, but drew attention to the clouds of smoke rising in different places above the forest. Subsequent explorers of the island also encountered an abundance of bonfires and fires, and although the activities of the aborigines were quite extensive, they were engaged in hunting, gathering, fishing, the main “lever” with the help of which the landscape was rebuilt was fire. As a result of such activities, a change in vegetation occurred on the territory of Tasmania, and the nature of the soil and climate irreversibly changed. Having data from previous years, and not building theories, but seeing firsthand what such unreasonable actions lead to, it is necessary to sound the alarm and save the territories as a matter of urgency, and in no case neglect the opportunity to preserve the remaining resources.

anthropogenic pollution consequence

1. Anthropogenicfactors influencing the state of the environment.

The work of any production (industrial, agricultural, etc.) is accompanied by the generation of waste. They enter the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere, emissions into water bodies, solid industrial and household waste.

In modern times, human pressure on the environment has increased significantly. Cities are being built and expanded, areas for agricultural activities are taking up forests and swamps, thereby reducing the biological diversity of the natural environment.

Each production, in the process of its work, creates waste, the processing of which nature cannot cope with.

2. Typology of anthropogenic pollution

The typology of anthropogenic pollution can be considered as follows:

By the nature of the factors	By scale	By origin of the pollutant	By pollution objects
Chemical- pollution resulting from the release of chemical substances into the natural environment in excess of the norm.	Local- pollution of a small area around an operating enterprise or settlement. Typical for cities and large enterprises and mining areas.	Quantitative Pollution- the result of the return into the environment of those substances that occur in nature in a natural state, but in smaller volumes (iron compounds, wood, etc.)	Air pollution- the main sources of such pollution are thermal power plants, metallurgy, industries and transport. The active growth of cities, whose activities lead to the formation of smog, also has an effect.
Biological- pollution formed by the introduction into the environment and the proliferation of non-characteristic microorganisms in it, leading to diseases.	Regional- pollution within large territories and water areas, but not growing to the scale of the planet	Qualitative pollution is associated with the entry into the environment of substances unknown to nature, created by chemistry (plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, etc.)	Hydrosphere pollution- water bodies are polluted by surface runoff and wastewater. The main sources are housing and communal services, agriculture, fishing and industry.
Physical- pollution leading to changes in the physical parameters of the environment. Such pollution can be: thermal, light, noise, radiation, etc. All types of pollution are not typical for living nature.	Global- pollution detected anywhere in the world, far from the source		Lithosphere pollution- contamination of the fertile soil layer causes storage and burial of waste (industrial and domestic). In an effort to increase productivity, fertilizers and pesticides are used, which also have a detrimental effect on the condition of the soil.

3. Natural factors influencinge on the state of the environment

Natural sources of environmental pollution are natural hazardous geological processes or phenomena that are not the result of human activity.

Such pollution caused by natural sources includes:

Dust storms

· Green spaces during the period of active flowering

Steppe and forest fires

Volcanic eruptions

· Floods

· Mudflows

Weathering of rocks

· decomposition of organisms.

· Earthquakes

· Biological self-pollution of water bodies, in the form of blooms during the period of active algae growth.

Natural sources of pollution, as a rule, are not permanent and do not cause significant and irreversible pollution to the environment.

4. Warning and remediesenvironmental pollution

As mentioned earlier, natural sources of pollution are not related to human activity and can only be recognized in advance, which will make it possible to prepare for a future problem and, if possible, prevent the situation from developing into a catastrophe.

Thus, it is possible in advance, thanks to the necessary equipment, to detect a dangerous situation and react to it competently, and to prevent some factors, such as fires, altogether.

As for anthropogenic factors of environmental pollution, much more effort needs to be made here.

The main directions for solving environmental protection problems are:

· Improvement of technological processes and development of new equipment with lower emissions of impurities and waste into the environment.

· Replacement of toxic waste with non-toxic waste.

· Replacement of non-recyclable waste with recyclable ones.

· Application of passive protection methods, which include measures aimed at limiting emissions from industrial production with subsequent disposal.

· Construction of treatment facilities is necessary

· Use of low sulfur fuel

· Land reclamation

· Application of “clean” technologies and recycling water supply systems.

Conclusion

So, to summarize, we can state the following: the problem of environmental pollution comes first and requires active and urgent human activity. It is necessary to understand the inextricable connection between a high quality of life and a high quality of the environment; such concepts are indivisible. Only active actions aimed at protecting the environment will be able to contain and mitigate the environmental crisis that has already arrived. This topic has been relevant for many years, and requires, in addition to attention and publicity, real and united actions of all inhabitants of the Earth. There should be no divisions into states on such an issue; the world needs to unite and jointly develop and put into practice methods to save the environment from the harmful effects of human activity on it, because It is this factor that causes the most tangible and negative consequences. Without working collectively and for results, there can be no talk of any positive dynamics.

Bibliography

· Erygina A.V. Lecture 10. Environmental protection [Electronic resource] / A.V. Erygina. - Electron. text data - St. Petersburg: SPbGTI, 2016. - Access mode: http://zfem.ru/file.php/1665/lec/BZhD_lec10.pdf.

· Environmental protection: Textbook, for technical. specialists, universities / Ed. NW. Belova. - M.: Higher School, 2004. - 319 p.

· Megaencyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius [Electronic resource] / - Electron. text data - Access mode: http://megabook.ru/article/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5 %D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5 %D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5 %D0%B9%20%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B (Date of access: 11/21/2016)

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VIII. Occupational therapy, economic and household work.

Occupational therapy is an active therapeutic method of restoring lost functions in patients with the help of full-fledged, reasonable work aimed at creating a useful product.

As M.S. Lebedinsky and VL Myasnischev noted, the general significance of occupational therapy is expressed in the following points:

Labor activity stimulates vital processes and increases the body's resistance, favoring the development of the compensation process.

Labor activity creates neuropsychic dynamics that distract from painful ideas or inhibit them through the mechanism of negative induction.

Work strengthens the patient’s higher regulatory (intellectual-volitional) processes in accordance with the conditions and requirements of reality.

Work has a psychotherapeutic effect based on the previous three points (increases mental tone, frees one from the consciousness of inferiority).

Work has a socio-therapeutic value, restoring the patient’s connections with the team and awareness of himself not as a dependent, but as an efficient person who benefits society.

Labor as a means of therapy has found wide application in all areas of medicine: neurology, neurosurgery, traumatology, psychotherapy, etc.

Three types of occupational therapy are used in rehabilitation centers:

General strengthening is a means of increasing the general vitality of the patient. They have an effect on the entire body of the patient - on the activity of the neuromuscular system, cardiovascular system and internal organs.

Rehabilitation occupational therapy is used to activate a temporary decrease in the patient’s musculoskeletal function and is more targeted.

Professional occupational therapy ensures the restoration of lost or weakened professional skills as a result of injury or illness and is carried out at the final stage of occupational rehabilitation.

The use of occupational therapy as a method of rehabilitation of patients allows us to adapt, train and develop the residual capabilities of impaired functions, thereby contributing to their recovery. Occupational therapy has enormous psychotherapeutic importance, distracting the patient from the thought of illness or disability. Accustoms patients to work in a team, if possible, in an enterprise.

Every rehabilitation center must have an occupational therapy department, which creates the necessary conditions for the effective use of occupational therapy. The department includes medical workshops, the profile of which is determined in accordance with the patient population.

Household types of work include work on a personal plot, such as digging and loosening the soil, bringing water and watering plants, planting, weeding plants, harvesting, working with a saw, plane, ax and other plumbing and carpentry types of work.

Household types include purchasing, delivering food, cooking, washing, ironing, cleaning the premises, traveling to and from work, work activities and other types.

The life of a modern person has become overly stressful. Daily performance of excessive loads of the above types of work can cause nervous stress, negative emotions, physical and mental overload in a person.

If you look closely at the people around us, you can see, conditionally, two opposite types of attitudes towards work (A and B).

Type A people are distinguished by a sense of responsibility, ambition, and a constant desire for success. They are always busy with work, neglect rest, and are active in achieving goals. Which, however, are not always clearly defined. Type "A" is a tough, conflict-ridden, emotional personality.

Type “B” includes calm, unhurried, balanced people. They do not take on additional loads, they love and know how to relax. At work they think about work, on weekends and vacations - about rest, at home - about family. These people are sedate, good-natured, easily endure the difficulties and hardships of life, and are moderately emotional.

In people of type "A" the nervous system does not have a sufficient margin of safety, so under stress they are more likely to develop breakdowns. People of type “B” are much more stable, which has a positive effect on their health and performance. They usually have negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, fear, and anger that do not last long. A rational assessment of events quickly puts everything in its place.

It is impossible to fit the entire diversity of human activity into these two models. Nevertheless, they will also help to purposefully engage in the prevention of health disorders and maximize performance. To do this, you need to identify which type you gravitate towards, and then evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this type. For example, people of type "A" can use rational work organization, autogenic training and other methods to protect the nervous system from overload. Self-analysis will also be useful for people of type “B”, because they will be able to show more business initiative, participate more actively in work life, learn to empathize with their neighbors, and take other people’s joys and hardships to heart.

Every person needs to learn how to work and rest correctly, these are the secrets of your vigor and longevity.

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Natural factors of nature in the system of physical education

The healing effect of physical exercise on the body of children and adolescents is best achieved when combined with the use of natural factors (air, sun and water).

One of the main means of promoting health is Hardening, i.e. a system of measures that enable the body to quickly and adequately adapt to environmental influences. Correctly using natural factors of nature, it is possible to increase resistance to harmful influences, pathogenic microorganisms, and also to achieve favorable changes in the functional state of the body: the basal metabolism, the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are improved, the process of thermoregulation is improved, and muscle tone increases.

Scientific research into the influence of various types and methods of hardening on the physiological functions of the body has made it possible to formulate the principles of organizing hardening:

1) gradual hardening, i.e. a gradual increase in the strength of the hardening factor:

2) systematic hardening. A long break in hardening leads to a gradual extinction of the developed conditioned reflexes;

3) a variety of hardening agents. Long-term use of any irritant for hardening purposes increases the body's resistance only to this irritant.

It is advisable to carry out hardening during physical exercise and sports. Morning exercises followed by water procedures, outdoor and outdoor sports games, swimming in open water, hiking, skiing and hiking, carried out in various meteorological conditions, help increase the hardening effect.

Carrying out all hardening procedures requires constant monitoring by medical workers. This is control over the conditions in which hardening is carried out, their rational use and effect on the body.

Air hardening is the most common and accessible means of hardening. Air affects the human body throughout his life. It is necessary that this constant influence always has a beneficial effect, stimulating the correct growth and development of the body. The action of air is perceived by the nerve endings of the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The nature of the influence of air on the body is determined by the ratio of its quality indicators: temperature, humidity, movement, pressure, ionization.

When carrying out air baths, it is necessary to take into account the health status of children and their individual reaction. Sudden cooling, much less hypothermia, should not be allowed. Therefore, while taking air baths, it is recommended to carry out outdoor games, and in order to enhance their positive effect on the body, water procedures (swimming in a pond, shower, dousing or wiping) are advisable after them.

The physiological effect of water procedures and the result of their influence on the body are similar to the effect of air baths. In order of increasing strength of irritation, water procedures are distributed as follows: wiping, dousing, bath, shower, swimming in an open or closed reservoir. The strength of irritation by water is achieved by increasing the area of contact with it, decreasing the temperature of the water and lengthening the time of its exposure. The choice of water procedures is determined by the doctor, taking into account the age of the children and data on their health. Water procedures begin to be carried out with water at a neutral temperature (34-36 ° C) for a duration of 2 to 15 minutes. For healthy children, the water temperature is reduced by 1-2 ° C every 2 days, bringing it to 18-20 ° C, depending on age.

Swimming in open and closed reservoirs, especially in the sea, is useful, as it is accompanied by physical activity and evokes positive emotions. You should bathe once a day. It is recommended to swim at a water temperature of at least 22°C and at an air temperature of at least 24°C, in calm weather.

Sunbathing has the strongest physiological effect on the body compared to other natural hardening factors. The multifaceted influence of ultraviolet rays on the body, provided they are used correctly, is expressed in improving the condition and physical development, increasing the body's defenses, its resistance to infections and other harmful environmental influences. The intensity increases, the blood composition improves, the functions and interaction of all organs and tissues are normalized.

It is advisable to combine the hardening of children with the sun's rays with air baths and water procedures.

Methods and means of hardening should be selected (with mandatory consultation with a medical professional) individually, depending on the age and health status of children and adolescents.

When carrying out ongoing sanitary supervision of children's and adolescent institutions, the organization of hardening activities in them is subject to mandatory control, especially in residential institutions and with high morbidity rates for children and adolescents. In doing so, pay attention to the following:

a set of hardening (special and daily) procedures;

organization of special hardening procedures (place in the daily routine; time spent on carrying out the procedure by all children; methodology; children’s reaction to the stimulus; participation of medical personnel and educators);

exercising medical control over the organization and conduct of hardening activities (preliminary examination of children, prescription of hardening procedures, registration of recommendations and the procedure performed);

analysis of morbidity depending on the complex of influencing factors, determination of the effectiveness of measures taken, etc.

Based on the results of the inspection, a general conclusion is given on the organization and conduct of hardening activities among children and adolescents in organized groups, as well as specific recommendations for optimizing this health-improving work.

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Physical education in children's and adolescent institutionsMedical control over physical education

Natural factors of nature. Natural forces of nature and hygiene factors

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