Essay topics from all options in social studies. Examples of essays on social studies (USE)

An essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies should be related to social psychology, philosophy, sociology, and economics. Let's analyze the rules and features of its preparation, which will help a school graduate get a high score on the Unified State Exam.

Essay requirements

What should an essay on the Unified State Exam include? In social studies, the main points have been developed that a graduate of an educational institution should reflect in his work. The student must base his material on specific statements of thinkers related to the main topic of the essay, provide generalizations, concepts, terms, facts, and specific examples that would confirm his position. What else should an essay on the Unified State Exam contain? Social studies implies strict compliance with a certain structure, which was created by teachers of this discipline in order to facilitate the task of schoolchildren.

From the social studies course we know about two main directions of development: progress and regression. In addition, society can develop as a result of evolution, revolution, reform. I believe that the author has in mind precisely the evolutionary movement forward, facilitating a smooth transition from primitive to perfect, from simple to complex.

What could humanity rely on as it continues to move forward? Without the development of new technologies: alternative sources, biotechnologies, modern society will no longer survive. That is why it is so important to be based on scientific discoveries and achievements. For example, after man mastered thermonuclear fusion, humanity had a chance to generate inexpensive electrical energy.

In addition to technology and science, morality can be considered an important pillar of progress. The moral foundations that have been developed by human society over a long period of its existence should not bring harm to a person.

I believe that even in an innovative society it is important to maintain hard work, dignity, honor, and goodness. How does a person use the Internet, which has become the greatest invention of the last century? What are the main goals of a child who turns on his laptop? I believe that the use of modern computers should be thoughtful, targeted, and justified. For example, it is ideal for self-education, self-improvement, and self-development.

Innovative technologies should not turn a person into a stupid creature who has lost honor, dignity, freedom, and creativity. In the future, in my opinion, only those societies that, in addition to technological progress, pay special attention to the principles of humanism and equality are able to survive.

Only if family and religion are preserved can we talk about progress.

Sociology essay option

“Communication ennobles and elevates: in society a person involuntarily, without any pretense, behaves differently than in solitude” (L. Feuerbach)

I support the position of the author, who touched upon the current problem of communication between people. The issue is so important today that it deserves full study and consideration. Many people withdraw into themselves and stop communicating because they do not know the culture of relationships. The main problem raised by the author is the importance of the educational function. From the social studies course, we learned that activity is a form of activity that allows a person to transform the world, to change the person himself. It is during conversations and conversations that people learn to understand each other. What is the main educational and socializing function of human communication? It allows parents to pass on to their children the basics of the family’s cultural traditions, to learn the basics of respect for adults, nature, and their native land. We learn to communicate not only in the family, but also at school, in the company of friends. If parents constantly yell at their children, a closed, complex personality grows in the family. I believe that human communication should not be turned into chatter; it should act as a factor for human development and improvement.

The social value of an individual is largely determined by what needs prevail. Ya. L. Kolomensky

With his quote, Kolomensky emphasizes the influence of needs on the self-development of an individual and giving it a socially significant character.

The formation of personality as an individual with socially significant traits is influenced by many factors, including needs. What is it?

In sociology, needs are usually understood as a person’s perceived need for something. In the first phases of the development of human society, the needs were simple and boiled down to maintaining one’s body and safety. As social organization became more complex, they expanded, modified and adjusted. They acted as an incentive for human activity.

In sociology, it is customary to divide needs into biological, social and ideal or spiritual. There are many classifications of needs. They can be divided by spheres of society (material, social, spiritual), by subject (individual, collective, group), by the degree of significance for the individual and society - imaginary or genuine. They reflect the individual’s very attitude and the set of values that correct these needs.

The most famous is the pyramid of needs according to A. Maslow. The American sociologist based it on physiological and existential (safety, comfort) needs. A higher level was assigned to the social, related to the existential, providing the individual with the opportunity for favorable psychological contact and communication in a social group. This is followed by prestigious ones, which allow you to achieve success in life, make a career, and improve your social status. And finally, the need for self-actualization, when an individual strives to reveal his own “I” to the maximum, achieve happiness in spiritual self-improvement, and understand the meaning of life.

Social norms and values leave a special imprint on a person seeking to satisfy needs. In human society, even biological needs are socially colored. We cannot behave like animals: we prefer to eat healthy food, live in clean conditions, dress in clothes according to the season and depending on the nature of the activity, relieve ourselves in specially designated places.

Kolomensky's thought directs us to understand that needs are adjusted by social norms and supported by social institutions. To the extent that a person has been able to assimilate these norms and submit to the demands of a social institution, the extent to which he is in demand. Social benefit is thus expressed in the individual’s ability to adapt his needs (caused by dissatisfaction) to the rules of life of the social group to which he belongs.

Let's take, for example, our football team, which, to the surprise of many, successfully competed at the 2018 World Cup. The need to prove to the country's fans that Russian football is not dead forced the team and coaching staff to work tirelessly before and during the match. As a result, the team managed to reach the quarter finals for the first time in Russian football history and thus gained the support and universal love of the country's fans. Surprisingly, even those who are not interested in football watched the match. This means that the social and prestigious needs of the team coincided with the needs of the entire football community, which was proud that the Russian team showed itself at the championship not as an outsider.

But the needs of the individual do not always coincide with the needs of society, its values and norms. Then strict sanctions are applied to violators.

Suffice it to recall the greed, acquisitiveness and desire for omnipotence of the old woman from “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” by A.S. Pushkin. The desire to live at the expense of others, to satisfy her base needs by pushing others around, ended in failure for the heroine of the fairy tale. Without knowing any limits, she literally found herself with nothing.

The problem raised by Kolomensky, which reflects the commensurability of one’s own needs with the demands of society and its values, will always be relevant, since a person cannot live outside the social environment and ignore social norms. In turn, the development of the needs of individuals themselves contributes to the development of society as a whole and the development of new norms and values. This means that this process is mutual.

Among all the 2019 Unified State Exam subjects, the social studies exam will traditionally be popular, which means that today 11th graders should ask what the structure of the essay should be, as well as what cliches can be used when writing a mini-essay.

We propose to analyze in more detail the features of task No. 29 of KIMs in social studies, and also find out what advice experienced teachers and USE tutors give to graduates.

What will change in the Unified State Examination in social studies in 2019

Due to the changes that affect tasks 25, 28 and 29, the total primary score of the 2019 Unified State Exam in society will increase to 65 points (in 2018 this parameter was 64 points).

FIPI officially announced that the following changes are planned:

Read more about the changes that will come into force in the 2018-2019 academic year in the document.

For an essay, the specifications allow 45 minutes, but tutors recommend leaving at least 60-90 minutes for a mini-essay out of the total exam time, which in 2019 is 235 minutes (almost 4 hours).

ESSAY Evaluation Criteria

The main criterion when evaluating an essay will be criterion 29.1 (the presence of disclosure of the meaning of the statement). At the same time, it is important to reveal the essence without duplicating the phrase itself.

Important! If according to the first criterion the experts give “0” points, then the essay is not checked further and the examinee receives “0” for all 29 tasks.

They will also pay attention to such important nuances of work as:

correctness of theoretical positions;
competent explanation of key concepts
logic and coherence of reasoning;
relevance of examples (they must be from different sources);
disclosure of different views and different positions regarding the issue under consideration;
presence of conclusions.

Since you can get 6 primary points for a well-written essay on the 2019 Unified State Exam in social studies, you should make sure that the structure of the mini-essay is correct and the examples given are relevant.

It is also important to remember that the length of a mini-essay on social studies should be between 150-450 words. It is not recommended to go to extremes, because the assessment can be equally negatively affected by either a borderline small number of words or too many words. Especially if, despite the verbosity, the author never reveals the essence of the issue in the work. The optimal volume is 350 words (approximately 2-3 sheets of capital text with average letter size).

Important! When grading essays on the social studies exam, spelling errors made by the graduate are not taken into account. An exception may be the case when a mistake is made in the spelling of an important term or concept.

Essay structure

Despite the fact that the Unified State Examination in Social Studies will undergo minor changes in 2019, the structure of the essay remains the same and includes the following 7 points:

Based on this plan, you can and should create your own mini-essays, drawing on arguments and examples from different fields: history and politics, economics and law, philosophy and sociology. At the same time, when revealing the topic you have chosen, you can use examples from different blocks united by the discipline “social studies”.

Topics for 2019

No one knows exactly what statements will be offered to 11th graders in 2018-2019. There is a certain bank of problems that are relevant to the main topics of social science, which can be guided by in preparation for the Unified State Exam.

Clichés for a mini-essay

Is it worth looking for ready-made essays for the Unified State Exam in social studies?

In fact, the idea of finding and learning ready-made essay options comes to many graduates at the stage of preparing for exams. But you should be especially careful here, because there is a lot of irrelevant information on the Internet. Even the examples posted on the FIPI website are works from 2013, and since then there have been many changes in the evaluation criteria for this task. Moreover, you should not expect to get a high score for a standard version of an essay, because experts who have been working on the Unified State Exam for many years now also know these texts very well.

Conclusion - you need to look not for a ready-made text, but for clichés and clever thoughts that can be “strung” onto the above structure, getting your own unique essay for the Unified State Exam 2019. We offer you a selection of such blanks:

Secrets of a good mini-essay

In order for your essay to be holistic, concise, but at the same time deeply revealing the essence of the problem, you must:

Understand the essence of the problem. Do not take statements whose problem you do not initially understand.
Choose the right quote. This is an important stage that should be given enough time during the preparation stage.
Build a chain of reasoning. All blocks of a mini-essay must be interconnected. It is recommended to periodically return to the main idea of the statement in the text.
Consider the issue from different points of view, if any..
Find the right examples.

Here are some useful tips to help you choose the examples and arguments that the new social studies essay structure requires, taking into account the innovations of 2019:

Also watch the video lesson on completing task No. 29 in the Unified State Exam in social studies for the 2018-2019 academic year:

To begin with, you always need to refer to the assessment criteria for the task that we are analyzing. Download it and continue reading:

Download demo version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 201 7

Isolating the problem

So, let's look at the very last pages of the document that you downloaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be evaluated by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: identify the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparation

What are the problems in the exam? From my experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try your aphorism:

Essence problem...
The problem of inconsistency...
Role problem...
Relationship problem...
Relationship problem...
The problem of unity...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that the essay must be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact from a literary language to a scientific one, based on the block in which you are writing your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing your score”: looking at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical argument

Now we move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant preparing on your own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the area that you are studying

You must also clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is a very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as examples, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events discussed in the formulation of the assignment

Factual Argumentation

As factual evidence, you must prove the theoretical material discussed above with the help of media reports, materials from educational subjects (usually humanities), facts from social experience and your own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to provide 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, both of which cannot be from media reports, or history, political life... This is important to understand, otherwise the expert will reduce your score

Well, at the end you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it in other words, with a “shade” of completeness. This is all you need to know from the theory of how to write the 29th task in social studies

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of solving the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

A video of her performance is attached below.

Ready-made essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 of my students’ very first works on politics. I suggest you look through them, highlight the constituent elements, find errors, if any, and write about them in the comments

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)
In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of the person who has it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: the more power a person is given, the more often he begins to go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of a ruler led a country to ruin.
Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the opportunity and ability to influence people's behavior regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more limitless power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.
Examples for revealing K3

A ruler endowed with great power ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced oprichnina in the camp, which consisted of mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the dissatisfied boyars, but also any opposition. Thus, many innocent people were executed on suspicion of treason, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the destruction of cities and the death of a huge number of people.
My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother’s family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with similarly repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing layers of the population, but the number of those dispossessed during his reign significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much benefit as ruin and a decline in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer prevails in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not apply” (Saadi)
I see the meaning of Saadi’s statement in the fact that legality is the basis for building a democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving its own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.
Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with totalitarian regimes. Its main difference from democracy, a political regime characterized by the equality of all people before the law and power belonging to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not correspond to the principle of legality. One cannot but agree with Saadi’s opinion, and history knows many proofs of this.
Examples for revealing K3

An example of tyranny is Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repression. Heading seven ministries and serving as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.
A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.
Having considered these examples, we can come to the conclusion that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights have no weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinions, since they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem of the characteristic features and characteristics of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.
Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Sir's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time, rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who subordinate to them. That is why I completely share the author’s point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm its relevance, it is first worth considering it from a theoretical point of view.
It’s worth starting with the simplest thing: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their wishes. This usually happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an integral attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot be formed. The main sources of power can be identified as the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.
Examples for revealing K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Cyr's statement, we can give an example from history. The monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, may act as ill-considered actions. Due to the shortage of coins made from the latter material in the treasury, it was silver coins that collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of copper coins. The reform, which did not foresee such a scenario, did not allow the situation to be corrected, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.
As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, we can cite events from recent history. We are talking about the policy of the Russian Federation, pursued from the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its position in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that does not involve sudden and thoughtless transformations, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.
To summarize, we can say that the problem of the characteristics of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the fate of states depends and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can have an impact not on individual countries, but on all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)
In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude towards the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country’s borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the former influences the latter.
The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I completely share the author’s point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from a theoretical point of view.
Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the course of political science, a state can be called any organization of political power that has a mechanism for managing society that ensures the normal functioning of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one area of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and establishing international cooperation.
Examples for revealing K3

To give the first example, let us turn to ancient history. States among all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Kaganate. Scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads was only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates to us the effect of one of the most important functions of the state - defensive.
The following example illustrating the impact of the state on society can be cited from New History. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out a peasant reform, the result of which was the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon had a great impact on the lives of Russian people, because most of the population of the Russian Empire at that time were nothing more than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state significantly expanded the rights and responsibilities of the freed peasants. The consequence of the abolition of serfdom was the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of government reform, which affected the entire population of the country.
To summarize, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the necessity of the functions it performs are time-tested. Without influencing, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it makes can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word in this article by clicking on the social media buttons and subscribing to blog updates to receive new articles in your email promptly. Bye everyone

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Hello! In this article you will see a number of essays written for the maximum score according to all criteria of this year’s Unified State Exam. If you want to learn how to write an essay on society, I have written an article for you that reveals all aspects of doing this work

Political Science Essay

“Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and a disaster for democracy” (Roald Dahl)

In his statement, Roald Dahl touches on the problem of the dependence of the level of political participation of citizens on the current regime in the state. Undoubtedly, this statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because the activity with which people take part in the life of the country is directly related to its basic foundations and laws. Moreover, this issue can be considered based on both the realities of a democratic society and an authoritarian one.

Theoretical argument

The meaning of Dahl's words is that the lack of developed civic consciousness plays into the hands of rulers within an authoritarian regime, but has a negative impact on the state, where the main power is concentrated in the hands of society. I completely share the point of view of the author of the statement, because we can always find examples of this both in the past and at the present time. And in order to prove the significance of Dahl’s statement, it is worth first considering it from a theoretical point of view.

In itself, political participation is nothing more than a set of actions taken by ordinary members of the political system in relation to its “top” in order to influence the latter. These actions can be expressed both in the usual reactions of citizens to any changes, in people’s speeches on various channels, websites, radio stations and other media, the creation of various social movements, and in participation in ongoing elections and referendums. In addition, political participation can be classified according to the number of people involved (individual and collective), compliance with laws (legitimate and illegitimate), activity of participants (active and passive), etc.

Civil society receives the greatest freedom within the framework of a democratic regime, the main characteristic of which is the concentration of all power in the hands of the people. The freedoms of citizens are significantly limited in the realities of an authoritarian society due to the constant government surveillance of citizens. A completely civil society is controlled by the state within the framework of totalitarianism.

As a first example confirming Dahl’s point of view, we can cite a well-known historical fact. During the so-called “Thaw”, the Soviet Union under the leadership of N.S. Khrushchev moved from Stalin's totalitarian regime to an authoritarian one. Undoubtedly, the dominance of one party continued to exist, but at the same time freedom of speech was significantly expanded, many repressed people were returned to their homeland. The state relied on the support of the population, partially increasing the range of its rights and opportunities. This directly illustrates the interaction between civil society and the state apparatus under an authoritarian regime.

The next example confirming Dahl’s position could be the event that was widely covered two years ago in the media – the annexation of Crimea to Russia. As you know, a referendum was held on the peninsula (the highest opportunity for the expression of the will of the people within the framework of democracy), which showed the desire of the Crimeans to join the Russian Federation. Residents of the peninsula expressed their opinions as representatives of civil society, thus influencing the future policies of the democratic state.

To summarize, I want to say that Roald Dahl incredibly accurately reflected in his statement the relationship between civil society and the state.

In addition, before reading this article, I further recommend that you familiarize yourself with the video tutorial, which reveals all aspects of the mistakes and difficulties of applicants in the second part of the Unified State Exam.

Essay on Sociology

“A citizen who has a share of power should act not for personal gain, but for the common good.” (B.N. Chicherin)
In his statement B.N. Chicherin touches on the problem of the essence of power and the ways of its influence on society. Without a doubt, this issue remains relevant to this day, because since time immemorial there have been relationships between those in power and ordinary people. This problem can be considered from two sides: influencing the authorities for the sake of one’s personal benefit, or for the benefit of many people.

Theoretical argument

The meaning of Chicherin’s words is that people with power should use it to solve the problems of society, and not to achieve some personal needs. Without a doubt, I fully share the author's point of view, since we can find many examples of it, both in the past and at the present time. However, before this we should understand the theoretical component of Chicherin’s words.

What is power? This is the ability of one person or group of people to impose their opinion on others, to force them to obey. Within the state, political power is one of its main elements, capable of imposing certain opinions and laws on citizens through legal and political norms. One of the key features of power is the so-called “legality” - the legality of its existence and the actions it carries out.

What can be the source of power? Firstly, this is authority - recognition by the people of the ruler, and secondly, charisma. Also, power can be based both on certain knowledge that its representatives have, and on their wealth. There are cases when people come to power using brute force. This often happens through the violent overthrow of the current government.

Examples for revealing criterion K3

As a first example illustrating Chicherin’s point of view, we can cite the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". In this book we can clearly observe how Emelyan Pugachev, despite his position, does not refuse help to all members of his army. The false Peter III frees all his supporters from serfdom, grants them freedom, thus using his power to support many people.

In order to give the following example, it is enough to turn to the history of Russia in the 18th century. Alexander Menshikov, an associate of Emperor Peter I, used his high position for personal enrichment. He used government money to achieve his personal needs, which had nothing to do with solving the pressing problems of an ordinary resident of Russia at that time.

Thus, this example clearly illustrates the use of power by a person not to help society, but to fulfill his own desires.
To summarize, I want to say that B.N. Chicherin incredibly accurately reflected in his statement two contradictory ways in which a person uses his power, the essence of the latter and its methods of influencing society.

Second work in political science

“Politics is essentially power: the ability to achieve a desired result by any means” (E. Heywood)
In his statement, E. Heywood touches on the problem of the true essence of power within politics. Undoubtedly, the relevance of the author’s words is not lost to this day, because one of the main features of power is its ability to use any means to achieve a goal. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the cruel methods of carrying out the government’s plans, and from the side of more democratic methods.

Theoretical argument

Heywood's point is that political power has an unlimited range of ways in which it can impose its opinions on other people. I completely share the author’s point of view, since you can find many different examples that serve as proof of his words. However, first it is worth understanding the theoretical component of Heywood’s statement.
What is power? This is the ability to influence people, to impose your opinion on them. Political power, characteristic exclusively of the institution of the state, is capable of exercising this influence with the help of legal and state methods. The so-called “legality”, i.e. the legitimacy of power is one of its main criteria. There are three types of legitimacy: charismatic (people's trust in a certain person or group of people), traditional (people following the authorities based on traditions and customs) and democratic (based on the compliance of the elected government with the principles and foundations of democracy).
The main sources of power can be: charisma, authority, strength, wealth or knowledge, which is possessed by the ruler or a group of people in power. That is why only the state, due to the concentration of political power, has a monopoly on the use of force. This contributes not only to the fight against lawbreakers, but also as a way of imposing a certain opinion on citizens.

Examples for revealing criterion K3

As the first example illustrating the process of political power achieving its goals within the history of Russia, we can cite the period of the reign of I.V. Stalin. It was at this time that the USSR was characterized by mass repressions, the purpose of which was to strengthen the authority of the authorities and suppress anti-Soviet sentiments in society. In this case, the authorities used the most brutal methods to achieve what they needed. Thus, we see that the authorities did not skimp on methods for achieving their goals.
The next example is a situation that is now widely covered in the world media. During the presidential race in the United States, candidates try to win over voters to their side without using force. They attend numerous television programs, speak in public, and conduct special campaigns. Thus, presidential candidates also use the full power available to them, trying to win the US population to their side.
To summarize, I want to say that E. Heywood’s statement is incredibly accurate and clearly reflects the essence of power as such, revealing all its main aspects.

Essay on political science for maximum score

“Government is like fire—a dangerous servant and a monstrous master.” (D. Washington)
In his statement, George Washington touched upon the issue of the relationship between civil society and the state. Undoubtedly, his words are relevant to this day, because in any state there is a constant dialogue between its “top” and citizens. This issue can be considered both from the point of view of a positive dialogue between the government and the people, and from a negative point of view.

Theoretical argument

The meaning of Washington's words is that the state reacts completely differently to certain social unrest, in some cases trying to resolve them peacefully, and in other cases using force to do this. I completely share the point of view of the first president of the United States, since confirmation of his words can be found both by turning to history and by looking at the current situation in the world. In order to prove the significance of Washington's words, it is first worth considering them from a theoretical point of view.
What is civil society? This is the sphere of the state, not directly under its control and consisting of the inhabitants of the country. Elements of civil society can be found in many areas of society. For example, within the social sphere, such elements will be the family and non-state media. In the political sphere, the main element of civil society is political parties and movements that express the opinion of the people.
If the residents of the state want to influence the government, they try to influence it in one way or another. This process is called political participation. Within its framework, people can express their thoughts directly by contacting special government bodies, or indirectly by participating in rallies or public speeches. And it is precisely such manifestations of civil sentiment that force the state to respond.

Examples for revealing criterion K3

The first example that can clearly illustrate the reluctance of the state to listen to the population of the country is the era of the reign of I.V. Stalin in the Soviet Union. It was at this time that the authorities began to carry out mass repressions designed to almost completely suppress any activity of civil society. Everyone who expressed disagreement with the current course of development of the country, or spoke unflatteringly about its “top”, were repressed. Thus, the state represented by I.V. Stalin ignored the manifestations of the will of the people, establishing his total control over the latter.
The next example is a situation typical of modern political science. We will, of course, talk about the annexation of the Crimea peninsula to the Russian Federation. As you know, during a general referendum - the highest way to express the will of the people in democratic countries - it was decided to return the peninsula to the Russian Federation. Thus, civil society influenced the further policy of the state, which in turn did not turn away from the people, but began to act based on their decision.
Thus, I want to say that the words of D. Washington incredibly accurately and clearly reflect the whole essence of the relationship between the state and the actions of civil society.

Essay on social studies for 5 points: sociology

“To make people good citizens, they must be given the opportunity to exercise their rights as citizens and perform their duties as citizens.” (S. Smaile)
In his statement, S. Smaile touches on the problem of people realizing their rights and responsibilities. Undoubtedly, his words remain relevant to this day, because it is in a modern society, within the framework of a democratic regime, that people can fully realize their rights and responsibilities. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the level of freedoms of citizens within the framework of a rule of law state, and within a totalitarian state.
The meaning of S. Smaile’s words is that the level of legal consciousness of citizens, just like the level of peace in the country itself, directly depends on what rights and freedoms are granted to the people. I completely share the author’s point of view, since for the successful development of a state it really needs to rely on the support of the population. However, in order to confirm the relevance of Smaile’s statement, it is first worth considering it from a theoretical point of view.

Theoretical argument

So, what is the rule of law? This is a country in which the rights and freedoms of its inhabitants are of the highest value. It is within the framework of such a state that civic consciousness is most developed, and the attitude of citizens towards the authorities is mostly positive. But who are the citizens? These are individuals who are connected to the state through certain mutual rights and obligations that they are both obliged to fulfill to each other. The main duties and rights of citizens that they must observe are written in the Constitution - the highest legal act that sets the foundations for the life of the entire country.
Within a democratic regime, the rights and freedoms of citizens are most highly respected, since they are nothing other than the main source of power in countries with such a regime. This is a unique feature of democratic countries, the analogues of which cannot be found not in totalitarian regimes (where all power strictly controls other spheres of society), not in authoritarian ones (where power is concentrated in the hands of one person or party, despite even a certain presence of civil liberties and rights in people).

Examples for revealing criterion K3

A well-known fact from world political science can serve as a first example that can clearly demonstrate the authorities’ lack of desire to listen to the citizens of the country. Augusto Pinochet, a Chilean politician, came to power as a result of a military coup and established his totalitarian rule in the state. Thus, he did not listen to the opinions of citizens, limiting their rights and freedoms through force. Soon this policy bore fruit, leading the country to a state of crisis. This clearly demonstrates the impact of the lack of political rights and freedoms of people on the effectiveness of their activities.

The next example that will clearly demonstrate the desire of the authorities to make contact with citizens and take into account their rights and responsibilities will be our country. As you know, the Russian Federation is a legal state, which is enshrined in the Constitution of the country. Moreover, it is the Constitution of the Russian Federation that specifies all fundamental human rights and freedoms, which under no circumstances are subject to limitation. Ideological pluralism, coupled with the positioning of human rights and freedoms as the highest values, perfectly illustrates a state that is ready to listen to the opinions of its citizens and treats them with respect.
To summarize, I want to say that S. Smail incredibly clearly reflected in his statement the essence of the relationship between the state and its citizens

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